AXL-Code-1B

SGD baseline. 318M params. PPL 31.22. Context 256 bytes. Part of the AXL model family by KoinicLabs.

Model Details

Property	Value
Developed by	KoinicLabs
Architecture	Multi-Scale Transformer
Parameters	318M
Optimizer	SGD
Attention	SDPA
Vocab Size	258 (byte-level)
Context Window	256 bytes
d_model	1024
Attention Heads	16
Layers per Scale	6
Downsample Factors	[1, 2, 4]
License	Apache 2.0

Sources

• Repository: GitHub
• Organization: KoinicLabs

Uses

Direct Use

SGD baseline for code generation comparison.

import torch
from multiscale_transformer.model.model import MultiScaleTransformer
from multiscale_transformer.training.tokenizer import ByteTokenizer
ckpt = torch.load("axl_code_1b.pt", map_location="cpu")
model = MultiScaleTransformer(config)
model.load_state_dict(ckpt["model_state_dict"])
model.eval()
tokenizer = ByteTokenizer()
ids = torch.tensor([tokenizer.encode("def hello():")], dtype=torch.long)
with torch.no_grad():
    out = model.generate(ids, max_new_tokens=50, temperature=0.8)
print(tokenizer.decode(out[0].tolist()))

Out-of-Scope Use

Not for production code generation. Use the Lion version for better results. For integration with tools like Continue.dev, LlamaIndex, or LangChain, use the Python API server which provides OpenAI-compatible endpoints.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Byte-level perplexity is not comparable to BPE-level perplexity. SGD-trained baseline. Use AXL-Code-1B-Lion for better results. Max context 256 bytes. Note: GGUF files for Ollama use a simplified single-stack encoder. For full AXL quality, use the Python API server.

Recommendations

• Use for prototyping and experimentation, not production code generation.
• Byte-level perplexity (258 vocab) is not comparable to BPE-level perplexity (32K vocab).
• For better results, use the Lion-optimized version if available.

Training Details

Training Data

Trained with vanilla SGD on 50MB Python code. 1012 steps, 30 min. Baseline for Lion comparison.

Preprocessing

Byte-level tokenization with vocabulary size 258 (256 bytes + BOS + EOS). No vocabulary training required.

Speeds, Sizes, Times

Metric	Value
Training Steps	1012
Training Time	30 min
Final Loss	2.9391

Evaluation

Metrics

Perplexity on held-out Python code using byte-level tokenization.

Results

Metric	Value
Perplexity (byte-level)	31.22
Final Loss	2.9391
Training Steps	1012
Training Time	30 min

Summary: SGD baseline. AXL-Code-1B-Lion achieves 16x better perplexity.

Environmental Impact

Property	Value
Hardware	AMD Ryzen 5 5600G
Hours Used	0.500
Carbon Emitted	0.0210 kg CO2
Cloud Provider	None (local CPU)

Technical Specifications

Model Architecture

Multi-Scale Transformer with three parallel encoder stacks at resolution scales 1x, 2x, and 4x. Cross-scale attention connects all scale pairs. Adaptive gating fusion. SwiGLU feed-forward. RoPE positional encoding.

Compute Infrastructure

Property	Value
Hardware	AMD Ryzen 5 5600G (6 cores, 12 threads)
RAM	16 GB
GPU	None (CPU-only)

Citation

@misc{axl_2026,
  title={AXL: AXL-Code-1B - Multi-Scale Transformer for CPU Code Generation},
  author={Koinic},
  year={2026},
  url={https://huggingface.co/KoinicLabs}
}

How to Get Started

With Ollama

ollama create axl-code-1b -f Modelfile
ollama run axl-code-1b "def fibonacci():"

With Python

import torch
from multiscale_transformer.model.config import load_config
from multiscale_transformer.model.model import MultiScaleTransformer
from multiscale_transformer.training.tokenizer import ByteTokenizer
config = load_config("config.json")
model = MultiScaleTransformer(config)
ckpt = torch.load("axl_code_1b.pt", map_location="cpu")
model.load_state_dict(ckpt["model_state_dict"])
model.eval()
tokenizer = ByteTokenizer()
prompt = "def fibonacci():"
ids = torch.tensor([tokenizer.encode(prompt)], dtype=torch.long)
with torch.no_grad():
    out = model.generate(ids, max_new_tokens=100, temperature=0.8, top_k=40)
print(tokenizer.decode(out[0].tolist()))