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Psychology_145 | Psychology | 1 | Moreover, the inverse relation between self-distancing and emotional reactivity strengthened with age. | Moreover, the inverse relationship between self-distancing and emotional reactivity became stronger with age. | Moreover, the inverse relationship between self-distancing and emotional reactivity became stronger with age. | GPT-5.1 | 0 |
Psychology_233 | Psychology | 1 | Consistent with the known developmental trajectory of the cortical onset response, there was an increase in the difference between N1 and P1 from year 1 to year 4 for the music group [t(16) = 2.22, P = 0.041, partial eta squared = 0.24]. | Finding: 'In line with the known developmental trajectory of the cortical onset response, the difference between N1 and P1 increased from year 1 to year 4 for the music group [t(16) = 2.22, P = 0.041, partial eta squared = 0.24].' | 'In line with the known developmental trajectory of the cortical onset response, the difference between N1 and P1 increased from year 1 to year 4 for the music group [t(16) = 2.22, P = 0.041, partial eta squared = 0.24].' | GPT-5.1 | 1 |
Psychology_417 | Psychology | 1 | Thus, selfie-takers departed further from the external raters' objective perceptions of attractiveness than the non-selfie-takers did but only for impressions of their selfies (see Figure 1) . | Thus, selfie-takers deviated more from the external raters’ objective judgments of attractiveness than non-selfie-takers, but this was true only for evaluations of their selfies (see Figure 1). | Thus, selfie-takers deviated more from the external raters’ objective judgments of attractiveness than non-selfie-takers, but this was true only for evaluations of their selfies (see Figure 1). | GPT-5.1 | 2 |
Psychology_90 | Psychology | 1 | Even almost a decade later, however, social status concerns continued to play a key role in the lives of these individuals as adults, as they found themselves more likely to perceive that their romantic partners were ending relationships with them based upon their own lack of social status. | Finding: 'Even nearly a decade later, however, social status concerns still played a key role in the lives of these individuals as adults, as they found themselves more prone to perceive that their romantic partners were ending relationships with them based upon their own lack of social status.' | 'Even nearly a decade later, however, social status concerns still played a key role in the lives of these individuals as adults, as they found themselves more prone to perceive that their romantic partners were ending relationships with them based upon their own lack of social status.' | GPT-5.1 | 3 |
Medicine_563 | Medicine | 1 | Methodologically, the flexibility that was offered by the close interest demonstrated by the firefighters permitted the first author to ask a wide range of questions for understanding workplace eating in broader organizational contexts. | Methodologically, the flexibility made possible by the firefighters’ close interest allowed the first author to ask a wide range of questions to understand workplace eating in broader organizational contexts. | Methodologically, the flexibility made possible by the firefighters’ close interest allowed the first author to ask a wide range of questions to understand workplace eating in broader organizational contexts. | GPT-5.1 | 4 |
Medicine_159 | Medicine | 1 | On a policy level, these aspects can appear as competing priorities between wildlife conservation, sustainable use, food safety, food security, and cultural aspects. | On a policy level, these aspects can seem like competing priorities between wildlife conservation, sustainable use, food safety, food security, and cultural aspects. | On a policy level, these aspects can seem like competing priorities between wildlife conservation, sustainable use, food safety, food security, and cultural aspects. | GPT-5.1 | 5 |
Psychology_603 | Psychology | 1 | This study offers a partial explanation for the mechanism behind a widespread, durable phenomenon with implications for a broad segment of the population. | This study provides an incomplete account of the mechanism underlying a common, long-lasting phenomenon with consequences for a wide portion of the population. | This study provides an incomplete account of the mechanism underlying a common, long-lasting phenomenon with consequences for a wide portion of the population. | GPT-5.1 | 6 |
Biology_easy_142 | Biology | 1 | Thus, the assumption of rate constancy through time means that extensive morphological and molecular divergences between the primary arthropod groups must be accommodated on chronologically long branches, leading to very early basal divergences inconsistent with the fossil record. | Thus, assuming rate constancy through time entails that extensive morphological and molecular divergences between the primary arthropod groups have to be placed on chronologically long branches, leading to very early basal divergences that conflict with the fossil record. | Thus, assuming rate constancy through time entails that extensive morphological and molecular divergences between the primary arthropod groups have to be placed on chronologically long branches, leading to very early basal divergences that conflict with the fossil record. | GPT-5.1 | 7 |
Psychology_tweet_160 | Psychology | 1 | Future research would benefit by including corroborating reports (eg, by parents) and/or a more comprehensive measure of corporal punishment. | Finding: 'Future research would gain by incorporating corroborating reports (eg, from parents) and/or a more comprehensive measure of corporal punishment.' | 'Future research would gain by incorporating corroborating reports (eg, from parents) and/or a more comprehensive measure of corporal punishment.' | GPT-5.1 | 8 |
Medicine_398 | Medicine | 1 | As hippocampal volume is known to be reduced in major depression , and reduced hippocampal volume is thought to be a risk factor in PTSD , these data would suggest that polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene that result in greater CB1 receptor activity may result in increased hippocampal volume and thus provide a neural substrate mediating a protective effect. | Finding: 'As hippocampal volume is known to be reduced in major depression, and reduced hippocampal volume is thought to be a risk factor in PTSD, these data would indicate that polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene that lead to greater CB1 receptor activity may lead to increased hippocampal volume and thus provide a neural substrate mediating a protective effect.' | 'As hippocampal volume is known to be reduced in major depression, and reduced hippocampal volume is thought to be a risk factor in PTSD, these data would indicate that polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene that lead to greater CB1 receptor activity may lead to increased hippocampal volume and thus provide a neural substrate mediating a protective effect.' | GPT-5.1 | 9 |
Computer_Science_easy_222 | Computer_Science | 1 | These results are summarized in table 1, where the last column omits small prime factors below q 2 . | These results are summarized in Table 1, in which the last column excludes small prime factors less than q². | These results are summarized in Table 1, in which the last column excludes small prime factors less than q². | GPT-5.1 | 10 |
Psychology_tweet_107 | Psychology | 1 | But the eradication of fear requires wider social responsibility for violence. | But eliminating fear demands broader social responsibility for violence. | But eliminating fear demands broader social responsibility for violence. | GPT-5.1 | 11 |
Biology_easy_122 | Biology | 1 | These lines ultimately lead toward convergence points that represent a stable resting state of the system. | These lines eventually lead to convergence points that denote a stable resting state of the system. | These lines eventually lead to convergence points that denote a stable resting state of the system. | GPT-5.1 | 12 |
Biology_538 | Biology | 1 | Similarly, the various BAII models, which argue for no clear phylogenetic signal, are also rejected by the results of our analyses. | Similarly, the various BAII models, which claim there is no clear phylogenetic signal, are also rejected by the results of our analyses. | Similarly, the various BAII models, which claim there is no clear phylogenetic signal, are also rejected by the results of our analyses. | GPT-5.1 | 13 |
Medicine_547 | Medicine | 1 | Thus, during extinction, adolescent VTA neurons maintained a strong phasic response to a cue previously predictive of reward availability. | Thus, during extinction, adolescent VTA neurons continued to exhibit a strong phasic response to a cue that had previously predicted reward availability. | Thus, during extinction, adolescent VTA neurons continued to exhibit a strong phasic response to a cue that had previously predicted reward availability. | GPT-5.1 | 14 |
Medicine_easy_597 | Medicine | 1 | These examples demonstrate that some introns significantly boost expression, even in the absence of prior promoter activity. | These examples show that certain introns substantially increase expression, even when there is no prior promoter activity. | These examples show that certain introns substantially increase expression, even when there is no prior promoter activity. | GPT-5.1 | 15 |
Biology_easy_274 | Biology | 1 | Therefore, the reduction in IGF1 and IGFALS would account for the observed low levels of circulating IGF1 (Fig 5; Sjogren et al, 1999) . | Therefore, the decrease in IGF1 and IGFALS would explain the observed low levels of circulating IGF1 (Fig 5; Sjogren et al, 1999). | Therefore, the decrease in IGF1 and IGFALS would explain the observed low levels of circulating IGF1 (Fig 5; Sjogren et al, 1999). | GPT-5.1 | 16 |
Medicine_551 | Medicine | 1 | Additionally, by fitting these behavioral RT data with a logarithmic function to model the rate of improvement (9), we found that anodal tDCS significantly increased the rate parameters of RT speeding (F 1,17 = 5.097, P = 0.037). | Additionally, by modeling these behavioral RT data with a logarithmic function to capture the rate of improvement (9), we observed that anodal tDCS significantly increased the rate parameters of RT speeding (F 1,17 = 5.097, P = 0.037). | Additionally, by modeling these behavioral RT data with a logarithmic function to capture the rate of improvement (9), we observed that anodal tDCS significantly increased the rate parameters of RT speeding (F 1,17 = 5.097, P = 0.037). | GPT-5.1 | 17 |
Psychology_easy_119 | Psychology | 1 | 2 and 15), suggest a generalization: cortical low-frequency oscillations track auditory inputs, entraining to incoming acoustic events, thereby chunking the auditory signal into elementary units for further decoding. | Finding: '2 and 15), indicate a generalization: cortical low-frequency oscillations follow auditory inputs, aligning with incoming acoustic events, thereby segmenting the auditory signal into elementary units for further decoding.' | '2 and 15), indicate a generalization: cortical low-frequency oscillations follow auditory inputs, aligning with incoming acoustic events, thereby segmenting the auditory signal into elementary units for further decoding.' | GPT-5.1 | 18 |
Biology_easy_237 | Biology | 1 | Depletion of Kif4A did not block CPC accumulation or the assembly of antiparallel bundles, but increased the width of the CPC-positive zone; adding back recombinant Kif4A rescued this phenotype ( Fig. | Finding: 'Kif4A depletion did not prevent CPC accumulation or the formation of antiparallel bundles, but enlarged the width of the CPC-positive zone; reintroduction of recombinant Kif4A reversed this phenotype ( Fig.' | 'Kif4A depletion did not prevent CPC accumulation or the formation of antiparallel bundles, but enlarged the width of the CPC-positive zone; reintroduction of recombinant Kif4A reversed this phenotype ( Fig.' | GPT-5.1 | 19 |
Medicine_easy_345 | Medicine | 1 | Effective and relatively safe alternative options to vitamin K antagonist or no treatment were developing. | Finding: 'Effective and relatively safe alternative options to vitamin K antagonists or no treatment were emerging.' | 'Effective and relatively safe alternative options to vitamin K antagonists or no treatment were emerging.' | GPT-5.1 | 20 |
Medicine_easy_510 | Medicine | 1 | The same limitation of studies on EMI by mobile phones, generalization of demonstrated EMI incidents, applies to the present study on RFID. | The same limitation of studies on EMI by mobile phones—generalization of demonstrated EMI incidents—also holds for the present study on RFID. | The same limitation of studies on EMI by mobile phones—generalization of demonstrated EMI incidents—also holds for the present study on RFID. | GPT-5.1 | 21 |
Computer_Science_76 | Computer_Science | 1 | In the macroscopic case, the notion of how cyclic a process is, has not been deemed important -it was assumed that it was enough to take the initial and final state of the heat engine as being close to the same macroscopic state. | In the macroscopic case, the idea of how cyclic a process is has not been regarded as important—it was assumed that it was sufficient for the initial and final states of the heat engine to be nearly the same macroscopic state. | In the macroscopic case, the idea of how cyclic a process is has not been regarded as important—it was assumed that it was sufficient for the initial and final states of the heat engine to be nearly the same macroscopic state. | GPT-5.1 | 22 |
Psychology_195 | Psychology | 1 | behaviors predict far greater future risk than has heretofore been recognized. | Finding: 'behaviors forecast much greater future risk than has previously been recognized.' | 'behaviors forecast much greater future risk than has previously been recognized.' | GPT-5.1 | 23 |
Computer_Science_easy_201 | Computer_Science | 1 | The first and most basic property of those laws is an invariance: space does not depend on the particular environment, nor on the particular posture of the agent. | The first and most fundamental property of those laws is an invariance: space is independent of the particular environment and of the particular posture of the agent. | The first and most fundamental property of those laws is an invariance: space is independent of the particular environment and of the particular posture of the agent. | GPT-5.1 | 24 |
Psychology_easy_41 | Psychology | 1 | This may diminish the differences in the well-being trajectories in Germany between the partnered and unpartnered when compared with the difference in Britain. | This could reduce the differences in the well-being trajectories in Germany between the partnered and unpartnered when compared with the difference in Britain. | This could reduce the differences in the well-being trajectories in Germany between the partnered and unpartnered when compared with the difference in Britain. | GPT-5.1 | 25 |
Medicine_easy_293 | Medicine | 1 | The LSPR peak energy of the clusters saturates to a value of 1.06 eV on prolonged oxidation, only marginally higher than the saturation peak energy of 0.99 eV for the 6 nm Cu 2 Se NCs and the value of 1 eV from Manna and coworkers . | The LSPR peak energy of the clusters reaches a saturation value of 1.06 eV upon prolonged oxidation, only slightly higher than the saturation peak energy of 0.99 eV for the 6 nm Cu₂Se NCs and the 1 eV value reported by Manna and coworkers. | The LSPR peak energy of the clusters reaches a saturation value of 1.06 eV upon prolonged oxidation, only slightly higher than the saturation peak energy of 0.99 eV for the 6 nm Cu₂Se NCs and the 1 eV value reported by Manna and coworkers. | GPT-5.1 | 26 |
Psychology_314 | Psychology | 1 | Instead, the data support the view that hippocampal overactivity contributes to symptomatic impairment in the MCI phase of disease (for review see Ewers et al., 2011) . | Instead, the data back the view that hippocampal overactivity contributes to symptomatic impairment in the MCI phase of the disease (for review see Ewers et al., 2011). | Instead, the data back the view that hippocampal overactivity contributes to symptomatic impairment in the MCI phase of the disease (for review see Ewers et al., 2011). | GPT-5.1 | 27 |
Biology_328 | Biology | 1 | Much of the bifidobacterial abundance difference between the two secretor status milk phenotypes appears to come from variation in the time at which each infant transitions from possessing a Low-Bif qPCR ' gut community to possessing a High-Bif qPCR gut community. | Finding: 'Much of the bifidobacterial abundance difference between the two secretor status milk phenotypes seems to stem from variation in the time at which each infant transitions from possessing a Low-Bif qPCR gut community to possessing a High-Bif qPCR gut community.' | 'Much of the bifidobacterial abundance difference between the two secretor status milk phenotypes seems to stem from variation in the time at which each infant transitions from possessing a Low-Bif qPCR gut community to possessing a High-Bif qPCR gut community.' | GPT-5.1 | 28 |
Medicine_345 | Medicine | 1 | In this study, we identified a connection between IL-2-and aKGsensitive metabolic states with CTCF binding dynamics, genome organization, and gene programming events in CD4 + Th1 cells. | In this study, we discovered a link between IL-2- and aKG-sensitive metabolic states and CTCF binding dynamics, genome organization, and gene programming events in CD4+ Th1 cells. | In this study, we discovered a link between IL-2- and aKG-sensitive metabolic states and CTCF binding dynamics, genome organization, and gene programming events in CD4+ Th1 cells. | GPT-5.1 | 29 |
Biology_easy_223 | Biology | 1 | However, I s does not include information on permafrost thaw or other potential hazard-inducing factors and in our study, I s was based on relatively coarse-scaled GIC data. | However, I s lacks information on permafrost thaw or other factors that can induce hazards, and in our study, I s relied on relatively coarse-scale GIC data. | However, I s lacks information on permafrost thaw or other factors that can induce hazards, and in our study, I s relied on relatively coarse-scale GIC data. | GPT-5.1 | 30 |
Biology_easy_584 | Biology | 1 | One hamster reached criterion on the first day in Phase C (day 16). | One hamster met criterion on the first day of Phase C (day 16). | One hamster met criterion on the first day of Phase C (day 16). | GPT-5.1 | 31 |
Computer_Science_214 | Computer_Science | 1 | 2) , indicating that they could learn new associations between natural co-modulation patterns and cursor kinematics. | Finding: '2) , showing that they were able to learn new associations between natural co-modulation patterns and cursor kinematics.' | '2) , showing that they were able to learn new associations between natural co-modulation patterns and cursor kinematics.' | GPT-5.1 | 32 |
Medicine_easy_164 | Medicine | 1 | These findings suggested the importance of liver pathogenesis in SMA. | These findings indicated the importance of liver pathogenesis in SMA. | These findings indicated the importance of liver pathogenesis in SMA. | GPT-5.1 | 33 |
Psychology_196 | Psychology | 1 | We identify how behavioral targeting is distinct from traditional forms of targeting and empirically demonstrate the conditions under which these characteristics prompt unique psychological consequences for consumers. | Finding: 'We determine how behavioral targeting differs from traditional forms of targeting and empirically show the conditions under which these characteristics lead to unique psychological consequences for consumers.' | 'We determine how behavioral targeting differs from traditional forms of targeting and empirically show the conditions under which these characteristics lead to unique psychological consequences for consumers.' | GPT-5.1 | 34 |
Computer_Science_tweet_160 | Computer_Science | 1 | For when one suffers anything, one becomes as if one has the kind of expression: when one is angry, the sign of the same class is angry. | Finding: 'For whenever one suffers anything, one becomes as though one has that sort of expression: when one is angry, the sign belonging to the same class is anger.' | 'For whenever one suffers anything, one becomes as though one has that sort of expression: when one is angry, the sign belonging to the same class is anger.' | GPT-5.1 | 35 |
Psychology_tweet_157 | Psychology | 1 | This regression modeling yielded two comprehensive maps of effect of age and effect of ADHD, respectively. | This regression modeling produced two comprehensive maps, one for the effect of age and one for the effect of ADHD. | This regression modeling produced two comprehensive maps, one for the effect of age and one for the effect of ADHD. | GPT-5.1 | 36 |
Biology_285 | Biology | 1 | We believe the current work is the second study in the area to set the number of observations based on an a priori power analysis , and the first to specify a minimum effect size of theoretical interest. | We think the current work is the second study in the area to set the number of observations based on an a priori power analysis, and the first to specify a minimum effect size of theoretical interest. | We think the current work is the second study in the area to set the number of observations based on an a priori power analysis, and the first to specify a minimum effect size of theoretical interest. | GPT-5.1 | 37 |
Biology_383 | Biology | 1 | All ZFN+donor groups exhibited dose-dependent IDS activity levels in the liver at 1 month (mean values of 265, 1,756, and 2,479 nmol/ hr/mg for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively; Figure 3A) and 4 months (519, 1,696, and 5,355 nmol/hr/mg protein for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively; Figure 3B ) post-treatment. | Finding: 'All ZFN+donor groups showed dose-dependent IDS activity levels in the liver at 1 month (mean values of 265, 1,756, and 2,479 nmol/hr/mg for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively; Figure 3A) and 4 months (519, 1,696, and 5,355 nmol/hr/mg protein for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively; Figure 3B) after treatment.' | 'All ZFN+donor groups showed dose-dependent IDS activity levels in the liver at 1 month (mean values of 265, 1,756, and 2,479 nmol/hr/mg for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively; Figure 3A) and 4 months (519, 1,696, and 5,355 nmol/hr/mg protein for the low-, mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively; Figure 3B) after treatment.' | GPT-5.1 | 38 |
Psychology_579 | Psychology | 1 | In one study, for instance, people's ratings of the environment were affected by the music that was playing in the background . | In one study, for example, people's evaluations of the environment were influenced by the music that was playing in the background. | In one study, for example, people's evaluations of the environment were influenced by the music that was playing in the background. | GPT-5.1 | 39 |
Computer_Science_tweet_267 | Computer_Science | 1 | Typically, individuals show better subsequent memory for items encoded with regard to the self, compared to other encoding conditions; this memory advantage is associated with mPFC activation. | Finding: 'Typically, individuals exhibit superior later memory for items encoded in relation to the self, compared to other encoding conditions; this memory benefit is linked to mPFC activation.' | 'Typically, individuals exhibit superior later memory for items encoded in relation to the self, compared to other encoding conditions; this memory benefit is linked to mPFC activation.' | GPT-5.1 | 40 |
Computer_Science_easy_387 | Computer_Science | 1 | It thus does not fit our definition. | It therefore does not match our definition. | It therefore does not match our definition. | GPT-5.1 | 41 |
Medicine_61 | Medicine | 1 | In highly simplified agricultural regions that are dominated by one or a couple of crops, county-level cropland may serve as an appropriate metric for intensification. | Finding: 'In highly simplified agricultural regions dominated by one or a couple of crops, county-level cropland can serve as an appropriate metric for intensification.' | 'In highly simplified agricultural regions dominated by one or a couple of crops, county-level cropland can serve as an appropriate metric for intensification.' | GPT-5.1 | 42 |
Biology_419 | Biology | 1 | We acknowledge that present-day emissions associated with abrupt thaw may be conservative since gross lake-area increases in some regions are higher (e.g., > 50% in Quebec 85 and > 23% in West Siberia 86 ), potentially due to hydrological changes in addition to permafrost thaw. | We acknowledge that present-day emissions associated with abrupt thaw could be conservative since gross lake-area increases in some regions are higher (e.g., > 50% in Quebec 85 and > 23% in West Siberia 86 ), possibly due to hydrological changes in addition to permafrost thaw. | We acknowledge that present-day emissions associated with abrupt thaw could be conservative since gross lake-area increases in some regions are higher (e.g., > 50% in Quebec 85 and > 23% in West Siberia 86 ), possibly due to hydrological changes in addition to permafrost thaw. | GPT-5.1 | 43 |
Psychology_easy_516 | Psychology | 1 | In the domain of purpose in life, the participants indicated three specific motives for remaining in the work force. | Finding: 'Within the domain of purpose in life, the participants reported three particular motives for staying in the workforce.' | 'Within the domain of purpose in life, the participants reported three particular motives for staying in the workforce.' | GPT-5.1 | 44 |
Medicine_easy_564 | Medicine | 1 | Nevertheless, even when data on certain aspects of the population or its threats are not available, we can use PVA models to explore possible outcomes across a plausible range of values, and thereby identify which factors might be important and the target of additional research. | Nevertheless, even when data on certain aspects of the population or its threats are not available, we can use PVA models to explore possible outcomes across a plausible range of values, and thereby determine which factors could be important and the target of additional research. | Nevertheless, even when data on certain aspects of the population or its threats are not available, we can use PVA models to explore possible outcomes across a plausible range of values, and thereby determine which factors could be important and the target of additional research. | GPT-5.1 | 45 |
Medicine_150 | Medicine | 1 | Evaluation of women with PCOS should exclude alternate androgen-excess disorders and risk factors for endometrial cancer, mood disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. | Finding: 'Assessment of women with PCOS should rule out other androgen-excess disorders and risk factors for endometrial cancer, mood disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.' | 'Assessment of women with PCOS should rule out other androgen-excess disorders and risk factors for endometrial cancer, mood disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.' | GPT-5.1 | 46 |
Computer_Science_easy_160 | Computer_Science | 1 | Use of Nexus D3 is associated with a more significant energy cost associated with streaming the data, which we did not consider for this study since the purpose of Nexus D3 was for prototyping our algorithms, not clinical application. | Finding: 'Use of Nexus D3 is linked to a greater energy cost for streaming the data, which we did not take into account in this study since the purpose of Nexus D3 was to prototype our algorithms, not for clinical application.' | 'Use of Nexus D3 is linked to a greater energy cost for streaming the data, which we did not take into account in this study since the purpose of Nexus D3 was to prototype our algorithms, not for clinical application.' | GPT-5.1 | 47 |
Biology_336 | Biology | 1 | We suggest that dimers or multimers could result from non-physiological domain swapping of TEN in one particle to IFD-TRAP in another. | We propose that dimers or multimers could arise from non-physiological domain swapping of TEN in one particle to IFD-TRAP in another. | We propose that dimers or multimers could arise from non-physiological domain swapping of TEN in one particle to IFD-TRAP in another. | GPT-5.1 | 48 |
Computer_Science_509 | Computer_Science | 1 | The development of a sustainable Internet-scanning service for security researchers would allow for further research into the shortcomings that still exist within the HTTPS protocol in its current form. | Finding: 'Developing a sustainable Internet-scanning service for security researchers would enable additional research into the shortcomings that still exist in the HTTPS protocol in its current form.' | 'Developing a sustainable Internet-scanning service for security researchers would enable additional research into the shortcomings that still exist in the HTTPS protocol in its current form.' | GPT-5.1 | 49 |
Psychology_easy_335 | Psychology | 1 | In the condition in which the hot chocolate was positioned as appropriate for the outdoors, we expected significant mediation only at moderate and high levels of a priori interest in outdoors products (i.e., when targeting was at least moderately accurate). | In the condition where the hot chocolate was framed as suitable for the outdoors, we anticipated significant mediation only at moderate and high levels of a priori interest in outdoors products (i.e., when targeting was at least moderately accurate). | In the condition where the hot chocolate was framed as suitable for the outdoors, we anticipated significant mediation only at moderate and high levels of a priori interest in outdoors products (i.e., when targeting was at least moderately accurate). | GPT-5.1 | 50 |
Biology_354 | Biology | 1 | Major evolutionary dietary shifts seem to be enabled by an underlying change in biotransformation enzymes . | Finding: 'Major evolutionary dietary shifts appear to be enabled by an underlying change in biotransformation enzymes.' | 'Major evolutionary dietary shifts appear to be enabled by an underlying change in biotransformation enzymes.' | GPT-5.1 | 51 |
Medicine_285 | Medicine | 1 | However, there were significant differences in caregiver marital status (χ 2 (2) = 15.8, p < 0.0001), with significantly more caregivers in the AIC sample being unmarried or without domestic partnerships (χ 2 (1) = 15.2, p < 0.0001). | However, caregiver marital status differed significantly (χ²(2) = 15.8, p < 0.0001), with a significantly higher proportion of caregivers in the AIC sample being unmarried or without domestic partnerships (χ²(1) = 15.2, p < 0.0001). | However, caregiver marital status differed significantly (χ²(2) = 15.8, p < 0.0001), with a significantly higher proportion of caregivers in the AIC sample being unmarried or without domestic partnerships (χ²(1) = 15.2, p < 0.0001). | GPT-5.1 | 52 |
Biology_easy_298 | Biology | 1 | The rhythms of SCN treated with I3M peaked approximately 1 hr later than DMSO-treated controls ( Figure 3F ). | The rhythms of SCN exposed to I3M reached their peak about 1 hr later than the DMSO-treated controls (Figure 3F). | The rhythms of SCN exposed to I3M reached their peak about 1 hr later than the DMSO-treated controls (Figure 3F). | GPT-5.1 | 53 |
Biology_578 | Biology | 1 | Critically, short-term, midlife induction of Drp1 improves proteostasis in aged animals. | Critically, brief induction of Drp1 during midlife enhances proteostasis in aged animals. | Critically, brief induction of Drp1 during midlife enhances proteostasis in aged animals. | GPT-5.1 | 54 |
Medicine_184 | Medicine | 1 | In none of the described embryonic specimens does the horse limb commence as a flattened paddle that characterizes early limb development in humans and other species ; the horse limb at early stages already resembles the adult form. | Finding: 'In none of the embryonic specimens described does the horse limb begin as a flattened paddle that characterizes early limb development in humans and other species; at early stages, the horse limb already resembles the adult form.' | 'In none of the embryonic specimens described does the horse limb begin as a flattened paddle that characterizes early limb development in humans and other species; at early stages, the horse limb already resembles the adult form.' | GPT-5.1 | 55 |
Biology_562 | Biology | 1 | There was a significant increase in diet-associated-diversity that was unique to the animal-based diet. | There was a significant rise in diet-associated diversity that was specific to the animal-based diet. | There was a significant rise in diet-associated diversity that was specific to the animal-based diet. | GPT-5.1 | 56 |
Computer_Science_tweet_283 | Computer_Science | 1 | Element separation is required where components of the call have different amplitudes. | Finding: 'Element separation is necessary when components of the call have differing amplitudes.' | 'Element separation is necessary when components of the call have differing amplitudes.' | GPT-5.1 | 57 |
Medicine_tweet_216 | Medicine | 1 | The remaining 25 so-called midnight tracks have trajectories that are consistent with an origin either in the interstellar dust stream or as ejecta from impacts on the lid of the sample return capsule (20) . | The remaining 25 so-called midnight tracks have trajectories that align with an origin either in the interstellar dust stream or as ejecta from impacts on the lid of the sample return capsule (20). | The remaining 25 so-called midnight tracks have trajectories that align with an origin either in the interstellar dust stream or as ejecta from impacts on the lid of the sample return capsule (20). | GPT-5.1 | 58 |
Computer_Science_easy_104 | Computer_Science | 1 | Monotonicity of F α (ρ, ρ β ) thus provides a powerful tool to determine what sorts of thermodynamical transitions are possible on the quantum scale, or equally well, for systems which have long range interactions. | Monotonicity of F α (ρ, ρ β ) thus offers a powerful method to determine which kinds of thermodynamical transitions are possible on the quantum scale, or equally well, for systems with long-range interactions. | Monotonicity of F α (ρ, ρ β ) thus offers a powerful method to determine which kinds of thermodynamical transitions are possible on the quantum scale, or equally well, for systems with long-range interactions. | GPT-5.1 | 59 |
Computer_Science_tweet_212 | Computer_Science | 1 | The descending concreteness trend suggests that opinions tend to be expressed in a particular-to-general way; replies notably differ by having both the opening and the closing be abstract, with a concrete middle. | Finding: 'The descending concreteness trend indicates that opinions tend to be expressed in a particular-to-general way; replies notably differ by having both the opening and the closing be abstract, with a concrete middle.' | 'The descending concreteness trend indicates that opinions tend to be expressed in a particular-to-general way; replies notably differ by having both the opening and the closing be abstract, with a concrete middle.' | GPT-5.1 | 60 |
Computer_Science_141 | Computer_Science | 1 | Women showed far less acceptance for the use of mobile phones during informal meetings. | Finding: 'Women exhibited much lower acceptance of the use of mobile phones during informal meetings.' | 'Women exhibited much lower acceptance of the use of mobile phones during informal meetings.' | GPT-5.1 | 62 |
Medicine_easy_277 | Medicine | 1 | After controlling for regional fixed effects, to address time-consistent variations in surveillance and health infrastructure, the corresponding figure increased to 0.53 percentage points (95% CI: 0.37-0.69 percentage points). | Finding: 'After accounting for regional fixed effects, to handle time-consistent variations in surveillance and health infrastructure, the corresponding value rose to 0.53 percentage points (95% CI: 0.37–0.69 percentage points).' | 'After accounting for regional fixed effects, to handle time-consistent variations in surveillance and health infrastructure, the corresponding value rose to 0.53 percentage points (95% CI: 0.37–0.69 percentage points).' | GPT-5.1 | 63 |
Medicine_easy_132 | Medicine | 1 | A difference in the local peak between the gels and bigels emerges at ϕ = 0.25, which corresponds to the critical density of the 1CM case . | A difference in the local peak between the gels and bigels arises at ϕ = 0.25, which corresponds to the critical density of the 1CM case. | A difference in the local peak between the gels and bigels arises at ϕ = 0.25, which corresponds to the critical density of the 1CM case. | GPT-5.1 | 64 |
Biology_easy_513 | Biology | 1 | similarly found that spatial reference learning in rats remained unaffected by infection with Toxoplasma gondii, whereas spatial memory recall was impaired, highlighting the complexity and difficulty of assessing the overall effect of parasites on host cognitive processes. | Similarly observed that spatial reference learning in rats was not affected by infection with Toxoplasma gondii, whereas spatial memory recall was impaired, underscoring the complexity and difficulty of assessing the overall effect of parasites on host cognitive processes. | Similarly observed that spatial reference learning in rats was not affected by infection with Toxoplasma gondii, whereas spatial memory recall was impaired, underscoring the complexity and difficulty of assessing the overall effect of parasites on host cognitive processes. | GPT-5.1 | 65 |
Psychology_532 | Psychology | 1 | We argue that these arrangements measure flexible working primarily aimed to enhance performance outcomes. | We argue that these arrangements capture flexible working that is primarily intended to enhance performance outcomes. | We argue that these arrangements capture flexible working that is primarily intended to enhance performance outcomes. | GPT-5.1 | 66 |
Computer_Science_easy_479 | Computer_Science | 1 | That is, the nodal point controller, compared with the unidirectional wave controller, renders the system increasingly more maneuverable as movement amplitude decreases, confirming our hypothesis (Fig. | That is, compared with the unidirectional wave controller, the nodal point controller makes the system progressively more maneuverable as movement amplitude decreases, confirming our hypothesis (Fig. | That is, compared with the unidirectional wave controller, the nodal point controller makes the system progressively more maneuverable as movement amplitude decreases, confirming our hypothesis (Fig. | GPT-5.1 | 67 |
Medicine_237 | Medicine | 1 | Increases in ship noise, both within and below the dolphins' call bandwidth, resulted in higher dolphin whistle frequencies and a reduction in whistle contour complexity, an acoustic feature associated with individual identification. | Finding: 'Increases in ship noise, both within and below the dolphins' call bandwidth, led to higher dolphin whistle frequencies and a decrease in whistle contour complexity, an acoustic feature linked to individual identification.' | 'Increases in ship noise, both within and below the dolphins' call bandwidth, led to higher dolphin whistle frequencies and a decrease in whistle contour complexity, an acoustic feature linked to individual identification.' | GPT-5.1 | 68 |
Biology_easy_312 | Biology | 1 | We detected aberrations of CDK12 in 25/360 of mCRPC patients (6.9%), 95% confidence interval (CI) [4.6%, 10 .2%] ( Figure 1A ). | We identified CDK12 aberrations in 25/360 mCRPC patients (6.9%), with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [4.6%, 10.2%] (Figure 1A). | We identified CDK12 aberrations in 25/360 mCRPC patients (6.9%), with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [4.6%, 10.2%] (Figure 1A). | GPT-5.1 | 69 |
Computer_Science_easy_146 | Computer_Science | 1 | Study 4 (n = 267) offers another demonstration of this phenomenon. | Finding: 'Study 4 (n = 267) provides an additional demonstration of this phenomenon.' | 'Study 4 (n = 267) provides an additional demonstration of this phenomenon.' | GPT-5.1 | 70 |
Medicine_218 | Medicine | 1 | We recognize that the diagnosis of PCOS in postmenopausal women is problematic but feel that it is unlikely that a woman can develop PCOS in the perimenopause or menopause if she has not had symptoms earlier. | We acknowledge that diagnosing PCOS in postmenopausal women is problematic but maintain that it is improbable that a woman develops PCOS in the perimenopause or menopause if she has not had symptoms earlier. | We acknowledge that diagnosing PCOS in postmenopausal women is problematic but maintain that it is improbable that a woman develops PCOS in the perimenopause or menopause if she has not had symptoms earlier. | GPT-5.1 | 71 |
Computer_Science_348 | Computer_Science | 1 | This difference between the active and passive generation of the same sensory experience reflects the importance of the knowledge of motor commands during the acquisition of spatial knowledge. | This difference between actively and passively generating the same sensory experience reflects the importance of knowing motor commands during the acquisition of spatial knowledge. | This difference between actively and passively generating the same sensory experience reflects the importance of knowing motor commands during the acquisition of spatial knowledge. | GPT-5.1 | 72 |
Psychology_252 | Psychology | 1 | Several factors suggest the effects we found are specific to these ophthalmic conditions and not merely agerelated phenomena. | Finding: 'Several factors indicate the effects we found are specific to these ophthalmic conditions and not merely age-related phenomena.' | 'Several factors indicate the effects we found are specific to these ophthalmic conditions and not merely age-related phenomena.' | GPT-5.1 | 73 |
Computer_Science_602 | Computer_Science | 1 | The RAD sampler can unfold to two and a half times its folded | Finding: 'The RAD sampler is capable of unfolding to two and a half times its folded' | 'The RAD sampler is capable of unfolding to two and a half times its folded' | GPT-5.1 | 74 |
Medicine_303 | Medicine | 1 | This highlights the importance of examining single-CpG-level DNA methylation during the reprogramming process. | This underscores the importance of analyzing DNA methylation at the single-CpG level during the reprogramming process. | This underscores the importance of analyzing DNA methylation at the single-CpG level during the reprogramming process. | GPT-5.1 | 75 |
Psychology_easy_132 | Psychology | 1 | Given that both music training and JROTC training enhance phonological awareness and involve synchronization with perceptual cues, future work comparing music training to a passive control group could reveal a divergence not reported here. | Given that both music training and JROTC training enhance phonological awareness and involve synchronization with perceptual cues, future work comparing music training to a passive control group might reveal a divergence not reported here. | Given that both music training and JROTC training enhance phonological awareness and involve synchronization with perceptual cues, future work comparing music training to a passive control group might reveal a divergence not reported here. | GPT-5.1 | 76 |
Medicine_easy_577 | Medicine | 1 | Conclusion Patients reporting AEs on Twitter showed a range of sophistication when describing their experience. | Conclusion Patients who reported AEs on Twitter displayed varying levels of sophistication in how they described their experience. | Conclusion Patients who reported AEs on Twitter displayed varying levels of sophistication in how they described their experience. | GPT-5.1 | 77 |
Psychology_easy_283 | Psychology | 1 | , for example, found that individual money incentives increased worker performance by a median of 30%. | Finding: ', for instance, discovered that individual monetary incentives raised worker performance by a median of 30%.' | ', for instance, discovered that individual monetary incentives raised worker performance by a median of 30%.' | GPT-5.1 | 78 |
Computer_Science_550 | Computer_Science | 1 | Our results suggest that the metabolic cost of walking can largely be explained by the linear combination of four costs-swing and torso dynamics, center of mass velocity redirection, ground clearance, and body weight support. | Our results indicate that the metabolic cost of walking can largely be explained by the linear combination of four costs—swing and torso dynamics, center of mass velocity redirection, ground clearance, and body weight support. | Our results indicate that the metabolic cost of walking can largely be explained by the linear combination of four costs—swing and torso dynamics, center of mass velocity redirection, ground clearance, and body weight support. | GPT-5.1 | 79 |
Psychology_tweet_192 | Psychology | 1 | This analysis allows identifying the cortical sources that have persistent neural activity. | This analysis makes it possible to identify the cortical sources that have persistent neural activity. | This analysis makes it possible to identify the cortical sources that have persistent neural activity. | GPT-5.1 | 80 |
Computer_Science_easy_18 | Computer_Science | 1 | This "adaptive DBS" approach is promising but may be challenging to implement in fully implantable systems due to the small amplitude of the STN LFP coupled with the large stimulation artifact generated when sensing a signal in close proximity to the stimulating contact. | This "adaptive DBS" approach is promising but can be challenging to implement in fully implantable systems due to the small amplitude of the STN LFP coupled with the large stimulation artifact generated when sensing a signal in close proximity to the stimulating contact. | This "adaptive DBS" approach is promising but can be challenging to implement in fully implantable systems due to the small amplitude of the STN LFP coupled with the large stimulation artifact generated when sensing a signal in close proximity to the stimulating contact. | GPT-5.1 | 81 |
Computer_Science_395 | Computer_Science | 1 | Their modeling approach indicates that the way in which airlines have been implementing baggage fees has more direct impact on controlling customer behavior than segmenting customers. | Their modeling approach shows that how airlines have been implementing baggage fees has a more direct impact on controlling customer behavior than segmenting customers. | Their modeling approach shows that how airlines have been implementing baggage fees has a more direct impact on controlling customer behavior than segmenting customers. | GPT-5.1 | 82 |
Biology_easy_235 | Biology | 1 | This demonstration of a conserved function of paxillin in vastly different cell types validates the importance of paxillin as a general liaison between extranuclear and nuclear AR signaling. | This demonstration of a conserved function of paxillin in widely different cell types confirms the importance of paxillin as a general liaison between extranuclear and nuclear AR signaling. | This demonstration of a conserved function of paxillin in widely different cell types confirms the importance of paxillin as a general liaison between extranuclear and nuclear AR signaling. | GPT-5.1 | 83 |
Medicine_easy_365 | Medicine | 1 | Further, exposure to 250 ppm CO led to maternal mouse CO levels of 12.65% COHb, similar to maternal %COHb levels in women who smoke roughly a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy; measured in our laboratory as high as 9.85% COHb (unpublished data) and by others as 14% COHb . | Further, exposure to 250 ppm CO resulted in maternal mouse CO levels of 12.65% COHb, comparable to maternal %COHb levels in women who smoke roughly a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy; measured in our laboratory at up to 9.85% COHb (unpublished data) and by others at 14% COHb. | Further, exposure to 250 ppm CO resulted in maternal mouse CO levels of 12.65% COHb, comparable to maternal %COHb levels in women who smoke roughly a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy; measured in our laboratory at up to 9.85% COHb (unpublished data) and by others at 14% COHb. | GPT-5.1 | 84 |
Psychology_tweet_273 | Psychology | 1 | As already described, 11 articles fulfilled the reviews inclusion criteria. | As previously described, 11 articles met the review's inclusion criteria. | As previously described, 11 articles met the review's inclusion criteria. | GPT-5.1 | 85 |
Psychology_easy_248 | Psychology | 1 | Another said this: | Another person stated the following: | Another person stated the following: | GPT-5.1 | 86 |
Psychology_504 | Psychology | 1 | It may soon become possible to measure activation-related changes in knowledge representation simultaneously with gray and white matter changes, in conjunction with various types of knowledge acquisition. | It may soon be feasible to measure activation-related changes in knowledge representation simultaneously with gray and white matter changes, alongside various forms of knowledge acquisition. | It may soon be feasible to measure activation-related changes in knowledge representation simultaneously with gray and white matter changes, alongside various forms of knowledge acquisition. | GPT-5.1 | 87 |
Biology_easy_204 | Biology | 1 | The dramatically improved signal-to-noise ratio hence allows the reliable detection of small changes induced by biochemical means. | The dramatically enhanced signal-to-noise ratio thus enables the dependable detection of small changes induced by biochemical means. | The dramatically enhanced signal-to-noise ratio thus enables the dependable detection of small changes induced by biochemical means. | GPT-5.1 | 88 |
Medicine_504 | Medicine | 1 | Instead, follicles contained predominantly keratinaceous debris with only a few developing hair shafts which were fragmented and malformed. | Instead, follicles mainly contained keratinaceous debris, with just a few developing hair shafts that were fragmented and malformed. | Instead, follicles mainly contained keratinaceous debris, with just a few developing hair shafts that were fragmented and malformed. | GPT-5.1 | 89 |
Biology_easy_192 | Biology | 1 | Inactivation of hepatic Ago2 improves systemic glucose metabolism. | Inactivating hepatic Ago2 enhances systemic glucose metabolism. | Inactivating hepatic Ago2 enhances systemic glucose metabolism. | GPT-5.1 | 90 |
Psychology_290 | Psychology | 1 | Thus, the trend we found for AMD could suggest an initial insult propagating degenerative pathways in the eye and brain, in addition to chronic degenerative/inflammatory pathways. | Thus, the trend we found for AMD could indicate an initial insult propagating degenerative pathways in the eye and brain, in addition to chronic degenerative/inflammatory pathways. | Thus, the trend we found for AMD could indicate an initial insult propagating degenerative pathways in the eye and brain, in addition to chronic degenerative/inflammatory pathways. | GPT-5.1 | 91 |
Computer_Science_tweet_197 | Computer_Science | 1 | Our analyses revealed two significant patterns in the data: languages that had larger speaker populations tended to have higher rates of gain of new words in basic vocabulary than their smaller sister languages, and smaller populations tended to have higher rates of word loss from basic vocabulary (Table 1 and Fig. | Our analyses uncovered two significant patterns in the data: languages with larger speaker populations tended to show higher rates of gaining new words in basic vocabulary than their smaller sister languages, and smaller populations tended to exhibit higher rates of word loss from basic vocabulary (Table 1 and Fig.). | Our analyses uncovered two significant patterns in the data: languages with larger speaker populations tended to show higher rates of gaining new words in basic vocabulary than their smaller sister languages, and smaller populations tended to exhibit higher rates of word loss from basic vocabulary (Table 1 and Fig.). | GPT-5.1 | 92 |
Medicine_tweet_57 | Medicine | 1 | These results point to the remarkable efficacy of our nanoparticle based drug delivery system and suggests the value of the chicken egg tumor model for testing novel therapies for ovarian cancer. | These results indicate the remarkable efficacy of our nanoparticle-based drug delivery system and highlight the value of the chicken egg tumor model for testing novel therapies for ovarian cancer. | These results indicate the remarkable efficacy of our nanoparticle-based drug delivery system and highlight the value of the chicken egg tumor model for testing novel therapies for ovarian cancer. | GPT-5.1 | 93 |
Psychology_easy_279 | Psychology | 1 | In addition to areas of task related activity in the DG/CA3, analyses of the functional imaging data also revealed an area of reduced task related activity in the left entorhinal cortex (EC) in both the 62.5 mg BID cohort and the 125 mg BID cohort. | Finding: 'Besides regions showing task-related activity in the DG/CA3, analyses of the functional imaging data also identified an area of decreased task-related activity in the left entorhinal cortex (EC) in both the 62.5 mg BID cohort and the 125 mg BID cohort.' | 'Besides regions showing task-related activity in the DG/CA3, analyses of the functional imaging data also identified an area of decreased task-related activity in the left entorhinal cortex (EC) in both the 62.5 mg BID cohort and the 125 mg BID cohort.' | GPT-5.1 | 94 |
Biology_easy_581 | Biology | 1 | This result strongly suggests that the Sutlej River was the main source of fluvial sediment to the Ghaggar-Hakra palaeochannel. | This result provides strong evidence that the Sutlej River was the primary source of fluvial sediment to the Ghaggar-Hakra palaeochannel. | This result provides strong evidence that the Sutlej River was the primary source of fluvial sediment to the Ghaggar-Hakra palaeochannel. | GPT-5.1 | 95 |
Psychology_easy_327 | Psychology | 1 | The finding that childhood corporal punishment was associated with perpetration of young adult physical dating violence, even after controlling for several demographic variables and childhood physical abuse, adds to the growing literature demonstrating deleterious outcomes associated with corporal punishment. | The finding that childhood corporal punishment was linked to perpetration of young adult physical dating violence, even after controlling for several demographic variables and childhood physical abuse, contributes to the growing literature showing harmful outcomes associated with corporal punishment. | The finding that childhood corporal punishment was linked to perpetration of young adult physical dating violence, even after controlling for several demographic variables and childhood physical abuse, contributes to the growing literature showing harmful outcomes associated with corporal punishment. | GPT-5.1 | 96 |
Psychology_easy_581 | Psychology | 1 | All teams added new referrals to the database, with the exception of team 2 and therefore the 2016 total recorded referral rate continues to be an underestimate. | Finding: 'All teams added new referrals to the database, apart from team 2, and therefore the 2016 total recorded referral rate remains an underestimate.' | 'All teams added new referrals to the database, apart from team 2, and therefore the 2016 total recorded referral rate remains an underestimate.' | GPT-5.1 | 97 |
Biology_easy_129 | Biology | 1 | Consequently, the noiseinduced simplification of dolphin whistles may reduce the information content in these acoustic signals and decrease effective communication, parent -offspring proximity or group cohesion. | Consequently, the noise-induced simplification of dolphin whistles can reduce the information content in these acoustic signals and decrease effective communication, parent-offspring proximity, or group cohesion. | Consequently, the noise-induced simplification of dolphin whistles can reduce the information content in these acoustic signals and decrease effective communication, parent-offspring proximity, or group cohesion. | GPT-5.1 | 98 |
Biology_easy_278 | Biology | 1 | Analysis also shows an amplification of this new teleconnection over the past four decades. | Finding: 'The analysis also reveals a strengthening of this new teleconnection over the past four decades.' | 'The analysis also reveals a strengthening of this new teleconnection over the past four decades.' | GPT-5.1 | 99 |
Computer_Science_easy_171 | Computer_Science | 1 | We show that the notion of space as environmentindependent cannot be deduced solely from exteroceptive information, which is highly variable and is mainly determined by the contents of the environment. | We show that the notion of space as independent of the environment cannot be derived solely from exteroceptive information, which is highly variable and is primarily determined by the contents of the environment. | We show that the notion of space as independent of the environment cannot be derived solely from exteroceptive information, which is highly variable and is primarily determined by the contents of the environment. | GPT-5.1 | 100 |
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