typeof/distilbert_base_uncased_csabstruct
Text Classification • Updated
• 8 • 3
abstract_id stringlengths 10 10 | sentences list | labels list | confs list |
|---|---|---|---|
train_0000 | [
"Gamification has the potential to improve the quality of learning by better engaging students with learning activities.",
"Our objective in this study is to evaluate a gamified learning activity along the dimensions of learning, engagement, and enjoyment.",
"The activity made use of a gamified multiple choice ... | [
0,
2,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.7778000235557556,
0.7778000235557556,
0.7778000235557556,
1,
0.6111000180244446,
0.5555999875068665,
0.6111000180244446,
0.6111000180244446,
0.6111000180244446
] |
train_0001 | [
"We propose a novel 3D face recognition algorithm using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) and a 3D face expression augmentation technique.",
"The performance of 2D face recognition algorithms has significantly increased by leveraging the representational power of deep neural networks and the use of large... | [
0,
1,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.5788999795913696,
0.421099990606308,
0.5788999795913696,
0.7894999980926514,
0.6053000092506409,
0.5788999795913696
] |
train_0002 | [
"The automotive industry is regarded as one of the most important and strategic industry in manufacturing sector.",
"It is the largest manufacturing enterprise in the world and one of the most resource intensive industries of all major industrial system.",
"However, its products and processes are a significant ... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.8087999820709229,
0.8087999820709229,
0.8087999820709229,
0.5856999754905701,
0.5856999754905701,
0.41830000281333923,
0.7768999934196472
] |
train_0003 | [
"In this paper we describe a general passivity based framework for the control of flexible joint robots.",
"Herein the recent DLR results on torque-, position-, as well as impedance control of flexible joint robots are summarized, and the relations between the individual contributions are highlighted.",
"It is ... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.44440001249313354,
0.44440001249313354,
0.7778000235557556,
0.44440001249313354,
0.6388999819755554,
0.44440001249313354,
0.6388999819755554,
0.44440001249313354
] |
train_0004 | [
"Head pose monitoring is an important task for driver assistance systems, since it is a key indicator for human attention and behavior.",
"However, current head pose datasets either lack complexity or do not adequately represent the conditions that occur while driving.",
"Therefore, we introduce DriveAHead, a n... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
4,
4,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.7778000235557556,
0.6388999819755554,
0.44440001249313354,
0.3889000117778778,
0.41670000553131104,
0.583299994468689,
0.7778000235557556
] |
train_0005 | [
"In multi-label classification, the main focus has been to develop ways of learning the underlying dependencies between labels, and to take advantage of this at classification time.",
"Developing better feature-space representations has been predominantly employed to reduce complexity, e.g., by eliminating non-he... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | [
1,
0.666700005531311,
0.5555999875068665,
0.6111000180244446,
0.6111000180244446,
0.44440001249313354
] |
train_0006 | [
"The Collaborative Filtering is the most successful algorithm in the recommender systems' field.",
"A recommender system is an intelligent system can help users to come across interesting items.",
"It uses data mining and information filtering techniques.",
"The collaborative filtering creates suggestions for... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.771399974822998,
0.771399974822998,
0.4000000059604645,
0.4571000039577484,
0.4571000039577484,
0.4571000039577484,
0.4571000039577484,
0.53329998254776,
0.771399974822998,
1
] |
train_0007 | [
"In this paper, we present a detailed tutorial on linear cryp tanalysis and differential cryptanalysis, the two most significant attacks a pplicable to symmetric-key block ciphers.",
"The intent of the paper is to present a lucid explanat ion of the attacks, detailing the practical application of the attacks to a... | [
0,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.7778000235557556,
0.3889000117778778,
0.583299994468689,
0.3889000117778778,
0.5555999875068665
] |
train_0008 | [
"In a knowledge and information society, e-learning has built on the extensive use of advanced information and communication technologies to deliver learning and instruction.",
"In addition, employees who need the training do not have to gather in a place at the same time, and thus it is not necessary for them to... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
4,
4,
3,
3
] | [
1,
0.7838000059127808,
1,
1,
0.7838000059127808,
0.5676000118255615,
1,
1,
0.7838000059127808,
0.7838000059127808
] |
train_0009 | [
"We consider the problem of modeling annotated data---data with multiple types where the instance of one type (such as a caption) serves as a description of the other type (such as an image).",
"We describe three hierarchical probabilistic mixture models which aim to describe such data, culminating in corresponde... | [
2,
2,
1
] | [
0.41670000553131104,
0.5184999704360962,
0.8379999995231628
] |
train_0010 | [
"Recent reports suggest that a generic supervised deep CNN model trained on a large-scale dataset reduces, but does not remove, dataset bias on a standard benchmark.",
"Fine-tuning deep models in a new domain can require a significant amount of data, which for many applications is simply not available.",
"We pr... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.800000011920929,
0.4000000059604645,
0.800000011920929,
0.6000000238418579
] |
train_0011 | [
"A variety of circle detection methods which are based on variations of the Hough Transform are investigated.",
"The ,five methods considered are the standard Hough Trans,form, the Fast Hough Transform of Li et al.‘, a two stage Hough method, and two space saving approaches based on the method devised by Gerig an... | [
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.583299994468689,
0.7778000235557556,
0.583299994468689,
0.41670000553131104
] |
train_0012 | [
"We present a model that generates natural language descriptions of images and their regions.",
"Our approach leverages datasets of images and their sentence descriptions to learn about the inter-modal correspondences between language and visual data.",
"Our alignment model is based on a novel combination of Co... | [
1,
0,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.40380001068115234,
0.40380001068115234,
0.39419999718666077,
0.40380001068115234,
0.40380001068115234,
0.39419999718666077,
0.5961999893188477
] |
train_0013 | [
"Literature reports the experiences with e-government initiatives as chaotic and unmanageable, despite recent numerous initiatives at different levels of government and academic and practitionersâ€TM conferences on e-government.",
"E-government presents a number of challenges for public administrators.",
"To he... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
4,
4,
3
] | [
1,
0.7894999980926514,
0.6053000092506409,
0.39469999074935913,
0.6053000092506409,
0.4839000105857849,
0.5788999795913696,
0.5788999795913696
] |
train_0014 | [
"This paper describes a simple, non-parametric and generic test of the equivalence of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves based on a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test.",
"The test is described in relation to the commonly used techniques such as the Area Under the ROC curve (AUC) and the Neyman-Pear... | [
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.7646999955177307,
0.44119998812675476,
0.5881999731063843,
0.6470999717712402,
0.7940999865531921,
0.7940999865531921
] |
train_0015 | [
"Smartphone has become highly prevalent in recent years.",
"It demonstrates as a useful technology that brings productivity and convenience in our daily life.",
"However, smartphone usage can also drive psychological and behavioral maladaptive dependency, which may result in negative problems.",
"Given that r... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
2,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.6079999804496765,
0.6079999804496765,
0.6079999804496765,
0.4480000138282776,
0.6079999804496765,
0.7760000228881836,
0.8320000171661377,
1
] |
train_0016 | [
"As the density of wireless networks continues to grow with more clients, more base stations, and more traffic, designing cost-effective wireless solutions with efficient resource usage and ease to manage is an increasing challenging task due to the overall system complexity.",
"A number of vendors offer scalable... | [
0,
0,
0,
4,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.7886999845504761,
0.7886999845504761,
0.4839000105857849,
0.5774000287055969,
0.42260000109672546,
0.6340000033378601,
0.42260000109672546
] |
train_0017 | [
"Phishing attacks are one of the most common and least defended security threats today.",
"We present an approach which uses natural language processing techniques to analyze text and detect inappropriate statements which are indicative of phishing attacks.",
"Our approach is novel compared to previous work bec... | [
0,
0,
1,
1
] | [
0.625,
0.6563000082969666,
0.5938000082969666,
0.5938000082969666
] |
train_0018 | [
"Imagining a scene described in natural language with realistic layout and appearance of entities is the ultimate test of spatial, visual, and semantic world knowledge.",
"Towards this goal, we present the Composition, Retrieval and Fusion Network (Craft), a model capable of learning this knowledge from video-cap... | [
0,
2,
2,
1,
4,
2,
4,
4,
3
] | [
1,
0.7894999980926514,
0.3684000074863434,
0.421099990606308,
0.75,
0.421099990606308,
0.3684000074863434,
0.421099990606308,
0.5788999795913696
] |
train_0019 | [
"We present an approach to efficiently detect the 2D pose of multiple people in an image.",
"The approach uses a nonparametric representation, which we refer to as Part Affinity Fields (PAFs), to learn to associate body parts with individuals in the image.",
"The architecture encodes global context, allowing a ... | [
2,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | [
0.5516999959945679,
0.5516999959945679,
0.5516999959945679,
0.5861999988555908,
0.6207000017166138
] |
train_0020 | [
"Many natural language questions require recognizing and reasoning with qualitative relationships (e.g., in science, economics, and medicine), but are challenging to answer with corpus-based methods.",
"Qualitative modeling provides tools that support such reasoning, but the semantic parsing task of mapping quest... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.7760000228881836,
0.5519999861717224,
1,
0.8399999737739563,
0.4480000138282776,
0.41999998688697815,
0.41999998688697815,
0.41999998688697815,
0.41999998688697815
] |
train_0021 | [
"Non-maximum suppression (NMS) is a key post-processing step in many computer vision applications.",
"In the context of object detection, it is used to transform a smooth response map that triggers many imprecise object window hypotheses in, ideally, a single bounding-box for each detected object.",
"The most c... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.833299994468689,
0.6111000180244446,
0.44440001249313354,
0.6111000180244446,
0.833299994468689,
0.44440001249313354,
0.833299994468689
] |
train_0022 | [
"Every day a large number of Earth observation (EO) spaceborne and airborne sensors from many different countries provide a massive amount of remotely sensed data.",
"Those data are used for different applications, such as natural hazard monitoring, global climate change, urban planning, etc.",
"The application... | [
0,
0,
1,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
3
] | [
1,
1,
0.6061000227928162,
0.3077000081539154,
0.3939000070095062,
0.6363999843597412,
0.6970000267028809,
0.3635999858379364,
0.3939000070095062,
0.30300000309944153
] |
train_0023 | [
"Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrations of computation and physical processes.",
"Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, usually with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa.",
"The economic and societal potential of such systems is ... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.833299994468689,
1,
0.583299994468689,
0.6111000180244446,
0.7778000235557556,
0.6111000180244446,
0.583299994468689,
0.5171999931335449,
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104
] |
train_0024 | [
"Log messages are generated by operating systems and applications.",
"These messages contain important information about the health and operation of the system.",
"The messages are also of great significance for security management, audit-checks, and forensics in an intranet.",
"So, a logging system that gene... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
2,
1,
4
] | [
0.7838000059127808,
0.7838000059127808,
0.7838000059127808,
0.6485999822616577,
0.7838000059127808,
0.6485999822616577,
0.5676000118255615,
0.7838000059127808
] |
train_0025 | [
"A quasi-passive leg exoskeleton is presented for load-carrying augmentation during walking.",
"The exoskeleton has no actuators, only ankle and hip springs and a knee variabledamper.",
"Without a payload, the exoskeleton weighs 11.7kg and requires only 2 Watts of electrical power during loaded walking.",
"Fo... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104,
0.6111000180244446,
0.583299994468689,
0.41670000553131104,
0.8055999875068665
] |
train_0026 | [
"Otsu method is one of the most successful methods for image thresholding.",
"This paper proves that the objective function of Otsu method is equivalent to that of K-means method in multilevel thresholding .",
"They are both based on a same criterion that minimizes the within-class variance.",
"However, Otsu ... | [
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.6105999946594238,
0.7875999808311462,
0.38940000534057617,
0.7875999808311462,
0.7875999808311462,
0.6105999946594238,
1,
0.7875999808311462
] |
train_0027 | [
"While dynamic malware analysis methods generally provide better precision than purely static methods, they have the key drawback that they can only detect malicious behavior if it is executed during analysis.",
"This requires inputs that trigger the malicious behavior to be applied during execution.",
"All cur... | [
0,
0,
1,
2,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.6363999843597412,
0.6363999843597412,
0.7576000094413757,
0.5758000016212463,
0.6061000227928162,
0.6061000227928162,
0.6061000227928162,
0.6061000227928162,
0.7878999710083008
] |
train_0028 | [
"Backtracting is a well-known technique for solving combinatorial problems.",
"It is of interest to programming methodologists because (1) correctness of backtracking programs may be difficult to ascertain experimentally and (2) efficiency is often of paramount importance.",
"This paper applies a programming me... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1
] | [
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579
] |
train_0029 | [
"Global navigation satellite signals can be spoofed by false signals, but special receivers can provide defenses against such attacks.",
"The development of good spoofing defenses requires an understanding of the possible attack modes of a spoofer and the properties of those modes that can be exploited for defens... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1
] | [
1,
0.5788999795913696,
0.5788999795913696,
0.3684000074863434,
0.5788999795913696
] |
train_0030 | [
"This paper describes an approach to overcome a situation of monitoring and managing a parking area using a vision based automated parking system.",
"With the rapid increase of cars the need to find available parking space in the most efficient manner, to avoid traffic congestion in a parking area, is becoming a ... | [
2,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.5555999875068665,
0.833299994468689,
0.8055999875068665,
0.8055999875068665,
0.583299994468689,
0.583299994468689,
0.8055999875068665,
0.5555999875068665,
0.583299994468689
] |
train_0031 | [
"Automatic fake news detection is a challenging problem in deception detection, and it has tremendous real-world political and social impacts.",
"However, statistical approaches to combating fake news has been dramatically limited by the lack of labeled benchmark datasets.",
"In this paper, we present LIAR: a n... | [
0,
0,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.7949000000953674,
0.41029998660087585,
0.6154000163078308,
0.5160999894142151,
0.7949000000953674,
0.41029998660087585,
0.3846000134944916,
1
] |
train_0032 | [
"Traditional companies used to be authoritarian and built around hierarchical organizational charts.",
"Facing more dynamic environments in recent history, many companies experimented with newer forms of organization, usually cutting down long decision paths and fostering lean structures able to react to rapid ch... | [
0,
0,
2,
2,
1,
3,
0,
4,
1,
0
] | [
1,
0.766700029373169,
0.4000000059604645,
0.53329998254776,
0.833299994468689,
1,
0.53329998254776,
0.5600000023841858,
0.6333000063896179,
0.33329999446868896
] |
train_0033 | [
"Access control is a fundamental aspect of security.",
"There are many variations of the basic access control models and it is confusing for a software developer to select an appropriate model for her application.",
"The result in practice is that only basic models are used and the power of more advanced models... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
2,
4,
4,
2
] | [
0.631600022315979,
0.631600022315979,
0.3684000074863434,
0.7894999980926514,
0.8421000242233276,
0.631600022315979,
0.421099990606308,
0.3684000074863434,
0.5788999795913696,
0.421099990606308
] |
train_0034 | [
"In this paper, we propose a novel model for learning graph representations, which generates a low-dimensional vector representation for each vertex by capturing the graph structural information.",
"Different from other previous research efforts, we adopt a random surfing model to capture graph structural informa... | [
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.8130999803543091,
0.6075000166893005,
0.4205999970436096,
0.8036999702453613,
0.4205999970436096,
0.6075000166893005,
1
] |
train_0035 | [
"Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are powerful generative models, but suffer from training instability.",
"The recently proposed Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) makes progress toward stable training of GANs, but sometimes can still generate only poor samples or fail to converge.",
"We find that these problems are ... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.7940999865531921,
1,
0.6176000237464905,
0.4814999997615814,
0.7940999865531921,
0.8234999775886536,
0.41179999709129333
] |
train_0036 | [
"In this paper, we introduce a Web-scale linguistics search engine, Linggle, that retrieves lexical bundles in response to a given query.",
"The query might contain keywords, wildcards, wild parts of speech (PoS), synonyms, and additional regular expression (RE) operators.",
"In our approach, we incorporate inv... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.4323999881744385,
0.40540000796318054,
0.8378000259399414,
0.6215999722480774,
0.4323999881744385,
0.4323999881744385,
0.4323999881744385,
0.4323999881744385,
0.4323999881744385
] |
train_0037 | [
"Recently, a state-of-the-art algorithm, called deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), has achieved good performance in many continuous control tasks in the MuJoCo simulator.",
"To further improve the efficiency of the experience replay mechanism in DDPG and thus speeding up the training process, in this pape... | [
0,
2,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.45159998536109924,
1,
0.5806000232696533
] |
train_0038 | [
"Deep learning has been shown successful in a number of domains, ranging from acoustics, images to natural language processing.",
"However, applying deep learning to the ubiquitous graph data is non-trivial because of the unique characteristics of graphs.",
"Recently, a significant amount of research efforts ha... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
1,
1,
0.6215999722480774,
1,
0.5946000218391418,
0.5946000218391418,
0.5946000218391418
] |
train_0039 | [
"The mobile data traffic is expected to grow beyond 1000 times by 2020 compared with it in 2010.",
"In order to support 1000 times of capacity increase, improving spectrum efficiency is one of the important approaches.",
"Meanwhile, in Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced, small cell and hotspot are important sce... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
2,
4
] | [
0.7894999980926514,
0.5788999795913696,
0.39469999074935913,
0.6053000092506409,
0.6053000092506409,
0.421099990606308,
0.7894999980926514
] |
train_0040 | [
"Detection of abusive language in user generated online content has become an issue of increasing importance in recent years.",
"Most current commercial methods make use of blacklists and regular expressions, however these measures fall short when contending with more subtle, less ham-fisted examples of hate spee... | [
0,
0,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.8055999875068665,
0.8055999875068665,
0.3889000117778778,
0.41670000553131104,
0.6111000180244446
] |
train_0041 | [
"Structured light sensors are popular due to their robustness to untextured scenes and multipath.",
"These systems triangulate depth by solving a correspondence problem between each camera and projector pixel.",
"This is often framed as a local stereo matching task, correlating patches of pixels in the observed... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.8205000162124634,
0.41029998660087585,
0.6154000163078308,
0.41029998660087585,
0.5896999835968018,
0.5896999835968018,
1,
0.5896999835968018,
0.5896999835968018,
0.5896999835968018
] |
train_0042 | [
"In this paper we present a new approach for the assessment of noise pollution involving the general public.",
"The goal of this project is to turn GPS-equipped mobile phones into noise sensors that enable citizens to measure their personal exposure to noise in their everyday environment.",
"Thus each user can ... | [
0,
2,
1
] | [
0.5788999795913696,
0.6053000092506409,
0.6053000092506409
] |
train_0043 | [
"AI software is often adeclarative model-based executable knowledgelevel nondeterministic complex adaptive system.",
"These article describes all these features as well as their implications for verification and validation.",
"To appear, Foundations 02: A V&V Workshop; October 22-23, 2002Kossiakoff Conference &... | [
0,
0,
3,
3,
3,
3
] | [
0.800000011920929,
0.428600013256073,
0.800000011920929,
1,
1,
1
] |
train_0044 | [
"Conversational modeling is an important task in natural language understanding and machine intelligence.",
"Although previous approaches exist, they are often restricted to specific domains (e.g., booking an airline ticket) and require handcrafted rules.",
"In this paper, we present a simple approach for this ... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
1,
1,
0.6111000180244446,
0.583299994468689,
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104,
0.583299994468689,
0.6388999819755554,
0.44440001249313354,
0.6111000180244446
] |
train_0045 | [
"Nowadays, smartphones become very popular in our daily activities.",
"Current phone models have been integrated with high-accuracy built-in sensors.",
"Many developers have been taking advantage of those sensors to build useful applications.",
"Tracking user's activities via smartphones is one of the hot top... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
2,
2,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.8055999875068665,
1,
1,
0.583299994468689,
0.6388999819755554,
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104,
0.8055999875068665,
0.833299994468689,
0.8055999875068665
] |
train_0046 | [
"In this work, we compare three datasets which build on the paradigm defined in SQuAD for question answering: SQuAD 2.0, QuAC, and CoQA.",
"We compare these three datasets along several of their new features: (1) unanswerable questions, (2) multi-turn interactions, and (3) abstractive answers.",
"We show that t... | [
1,
1,
4,
4,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.39469999074935913,
0.421099990606308,
0.6053000092506409,
0.421099990606308,
0.5788999795913696,
0.6053000092506409,
0.7894999980926514
] |
train_0047 | [
"An experiment was conducted where neural networks compete for survival in an evolving population based on their ability to play checkers.",
"More specifically, multilayer feedforward neural networks were used to evaluate alternative board positions and games were played using a minimax search strategy.",
"At e... | [
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.6388999819755554,
0.7778000235557556,
0.583299994468689,
0.8055999875068665,
0.666700005531311,
0.666700005531311,
0.583299994468689,
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104,
0.583299994468689
] |
train_0048 | [
"Business analytics has the potential to deliver performance gains and competitive advantage.",
"However, a theoretically grounded model identifying the factors and processes involved in realizing those performance gains has not been clearly articulated in the literature.",
"This paper draws on the literature o... | [
0,
0,
2,
2,
1
] | [
1,
1,
0.6129000186920166,
0.5199999809265137,
0.5199999809265137
] |
train_0049 | [
"The present study examine s the relation ship betwe en technology self-efficacy among university students and gender roles.",
"Previous research has based differences in technology self-efficacy on biological sex and found significant differences.",
"University students were asked to complete a survey dealing ... | [
0,
0,
1,
4,
4,
3
] | [
0.6111000180244446,
1,
0.6111000180244446,
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104,
0.5555999875068665
] |
train_0050 | [
"We are given a large database of customer transactions, where each transaction consists of customer-id, transaction time, and the items bought in the transaction.",
"We introduce the problem of mining sequential patterns over such databases.",
"We present three algorithms to solve this problem, and empirically... | [
0,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.6111000180244446,
0.41670000553131104,
0.8055999875068665,
0.5,
0.3889000117778778,
0.8055999875068665
] |
train_0051 | [
"Current High-Frequency Trading (HFT) platforms are typically implemented in software on computers with high-performance network adapters.",
"The high and unpredictable latency of these systems has led the trading world to explore alternative \"hybrid\" architectures with hardware acceleration.",
"In this paper... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.800000011920929,
0.6000000238418579,
0.800000011920929,
1,
0.6000000238418579,
0.4000000059604645,
0.800000011920929
] |
train_0052 | [
"SIDEKIT is a new open-source Python toolkit that includes a large panel of state-of-the-art components and allow a rapid prototyping of an end-to-end speaker recognition system.",
"For each step from front-end feature extraction, normalization, speech activity detection, modelling, scoring and visualization, SID... | [
4,
0,
0,
1
] | [
0.39469999074935913,
0.39469999074935913,
0.421099990606308,
0.26669999957084656
] |
train_0053 | [
"INTRODUCTION Policy implementation for electronic commerce is a complex process since policy makers, national governments in their majority, have to act in a fast changing environment.",
"They need to balance special national demands with international cooperation (Papazafeiropoulou & Pouloudi, 2000).",
"One o... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
2,
0,
4
] | [
0.800000011920929,
0.800000011920929,
0.800000011920929,
0.800000011920929,
0.800000011920929,
0.628600001335144,
0.4000000059604645,
0.4000000059604645,
0.22859999537467957
] |
train_0054 | [
"Agricultural monitoring, especially in developing countries, can help prevent famine and support humanitarian efforts.",
"A central challenge is yield estimation, i.e., predicting crop yields before harvest.",
"We introduce a scalable, accurate, and inexpensive method to predict crop yields using publicly avai... | [
2,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.40540000796318054,
0.6215999722480774,
0.6215999722480774,
0.6215999722480774,
0.8108000159263611,
0.8108000159263611,
0.8108000159263611,
0.8108000159263611
] |
train_0055 | [
"We present a 3-D shape-based object recognition system for simultaneous recognition of multiple objects in scenes containing clutter and occlusion.",
"Recognition is based on matching surfaces by matching points using the spin-image representation.",
"The spin-image is a data level shape descriptor that is use... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
3
] | [
0.8055999875068665,
0.8055999875068665,
0.583299994468689,
0.41670000553131104,
0.7778000235557556,
0.3889000117778778,
0.3889000117778778
] |
train_0056 | [
"Neural sequence-to-sequence models have provided a viable new approach for abstractive text summarization (meaning they are not restricted to simply selecting and rearranging passages from the original text).",
"However, these models have two shortcomings: they are liable to reproduce factual details inaccuratel... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
1
] | [
0.8055999875068665,
0.44440001249313354,
0.41670000553131104,
0.583299994468689,
0.833299994468689,
0.583299994468689
] |
train_0057 | [
"The visual analysis of peripheral blood samples is an important test in the procedures for the diagnosis of leukemia.",
"Automated systems based on artificial vision methods can speed up this operation and increase the accuracy and homogeneity of the response also in telemedicine applications.",
"Unfortunately... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.8158000111579895,
0.8158000111579895,
0.421099990606308,
0.7894999980926514,
0.5788999795913696
] |
train_0058 | [
"As one of the powerful tools of machine learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures are used tosolve complex problems like image recognition, video analysisand natural language processing.",
"In this paper, three differentCNN architectures for age classification using face images arecompared.",
... | [
2,
2,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.41670000553131104,
0.3889000117778778,
0.6111000180244446,
0.583299994468689,
0.6111000180244446,
0.3889000117778778,
0.583299994468689,
0.7778000235557556
] |
train_0059 | [
"Social media systems allow Internet users a congenial platform to freely express their thoughts and opinions.",
"Although this property represents incredible and unique communication opportunities, it also brings along important challenges.",
"Online hate speech is an archetypal example of such challenges.",
... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.8055999875068665,
0.8055999875068665,
0.6111000180244446,
0.6111000180244446,
0.6388999819755554,
0.41670000553131104,
0.833299994468689
] |
train_0060 | [
"0360-1315/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.020 * Corresponding author.",
"Tel.",
": +1 919 513 1286; fax E-mail address: len_annetta@ncsu.edu (L.A. Annet The popularity of video games has transcended entertainment crossing into the world of education.",
"While the literat... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
4,
4,
3,
3
] | [
0.8205000162124634,
0.6154000163078308,
0.5896999835968018,
0.41029998660087585,
0.41029998660087585,
0.5896999835968018,
0.75,
0.5896999835968018,
0.5896999835968018
] |
train_0061 | [
"Scholarly publishing increasingly requires automated systems that semantically enrich documents in order to support management and quality assessment of scientific output.",
"However, contextual information, such as the authors’ affiliations, references, and funding agencies, is typically hidden within PDF files... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.7980999946594238,
0.42309999465942383,
0.8269000053405762,
0.8269000053405762,
0.8269000053405762,
0.625,
0.7980999946594238,
0.5961999893188477,
0.40380001068115234
] |
train_0062 | [
"Using tweets extracted from Twitter during the Australian 2010-2011 floods, social network analysis techniques were used to generate and analyse the online networks that emerged at that time.",
"The aim was to develop an understanding of the online communities for the Queensland, New South Wales and Victorian fl... | [
0,
2,
2,
1,
1,
4,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.7949000000953674,
1,
0.7949000000953674,
0.7949000000953674,
0.6154000163078308,
0.7949000000953674,
0.41029998660087585,
0.41029998660087585,
0.7949000000953674
] |
train_0063 | [
"This paper presents a novel adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) sampling approach for learning from imbalanced data sets.",
"The essential idea of ADASYN is to use a weighted distribution for different minority class examples according to their level of difficulty in learning, where more synthetic data is generated for ... | [
0,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.41029998660087585,
0.5896999835968018,
0.7949000000953674,
1
] |
train_0064 | [
"We apply the two-pluyer game assumprio~ls of 1i111ited search horizon and cornn~itnrent to nroves i constant time, to .single-agent heuristic search problems.",
"We present a varicrtion of nrinimcr lookuhead search, and an analog to ulphu-betu pruning rlrot signijicantly improves the efficiency c. the algorithm.... | [
0,
1,
1,
1,
3,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.4571000039577484,
0.542900025844574,
1,
0.4000000059604645,
0.6000000238418579,
0.37139999866485596,
0.6000000238418579,
0.771399974822998
] |
train_0065 | [
"This paper introduces ANYmal, a quadrupedal robot that features outstanding mobility and dynamic motion capability.",
"Thanks to novel, compliant joint modules with integrated electronics, the 30 kg, 0.5 m tall robotic dog is torque controllable and very robust against impulsive loads during running or jumping."... | [
0,
0,
1,
4,
1,
4
] | [
1,
1,
0.3889000117778778,
0.3889000117778778,
0.3889000117778778,
0.44440001249313354
] |
train_0066 | [
"Conventional unsupervised image segmentation methods use color and geometric information and apply clustering algorithms over pixels.",
"They preserve object boundaries well but often suffer from over-segmentation due to noise and artifacts in the images.",
"In this paper, we contribute on a preprocessing step... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.8108000159263611,
0.8108000159263611,
0.7838000059127808,
0.5946000218391418,
1,
1
] |
train_0067 | [
"The purpose of this study is to examine whether supportive interactions on social networking sites mediate the influence of SNS use and the number of SNS friends on perceived social support, affect, sense of community, and life satisfaction.",
"Employing momentary sampling, the current study also looked at the r... | [
2,
1,
4,
4,
4,
3
] | [
0.6154000163078308,
0.6154000163078308,
0.6154000163078308,
0.6154000163078308,
0.5896999835968018,
0.8205000162124634
] |
train_0068 | [
"In this paper, we extend the guidelines of Venkatesh et al. (2013) for mixed-methods research by identifying and integrating variations in mixed-methods research.",
"By considering 14 properties of mixed-methods research (e.g., purposes, research questions, epistemological assumptions), our guidelines demonstrat... | [
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.6111000180244446,
0.41670000553131104,
0.6111000180244446,
0.41670000553131104
] |
train_0069 | [
"In recent years, the convolutional neural network (CNN) has achieved great success in many computer vision tasks.",
"Partially inspired by neuroscience, CNN shares many properties with the visual system of the brain.",
"A prominent difference is that CNN is typically a feed-forward architecture while in the vi... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
1,
1,
1,
0.5788999795913696,
0.421099990606308,
0.631600022315979,
0.421099990606308,
0.631600022315979,
0.7894999980926514,
0.421099990606308
] |
train_0070 | [
"In this chapter, we give an overview of the main Data Mining techniques used in the context of Recommender Systems.",
"We first describe common preprocessing methods such as sampling or dimensionality reduction.",
"Next, we review the most important classification techniques, including Bayesian Networks and Su... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | [
0.631600022315979,
0.421099990606308,
0.5788999795913696,
0.6053000092506409,
0.7894999980926514,
0.6053000092506409
] |
train_0071 | [
"Many underlying relationships among data in several areas of science and engineering, e.g., computer vision, molecular chemistry, molecular biology, pattern recognition, and data mining, can be represented in terms of graphs.",
"In this paper, we propose a new neural network model, called graph neural network (G... | [
0,
2,
1,
1,
0,
4
] | [
1,
0.6485999822616577,
0.5676000118255615,
0.5676000118255615,
0.4323999881744385,
1
] |
train_0072 | [
"Full end-to-end text recognition in natural images is a challenging problem that has received much attention recently.",
"Traditional systems in this area have relied on elaborate models incorporating carefully hand-engineered features or large amounts of prior knowledge.",
"In this paper, we take a different ... | [
0,
0,
2,
1
] | [
1,
0.6111000180244446,
0.583299994468689,
1
] |
train_0073 | [
"A key challenge for automatic hate-speech detection on social media is the separation of hate speech from other instances of offensive language.",
"Lexical detection methods tend to have low precision because they classify all messages containing particular terms as hate speech and previous work using supervised... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.6215999722480774,
0.8108000159263611,
0.40540000796318054,
0.40540000796318054,
0.6215999722480774,
0.40540000796318054,
0.5946000218391418,
0.3783999979496002
] |
train_0074 | [
"A novel efficient trilateration algorithm is presented to estimate the position of a target object, such as a mobile robot, in a 2D or 3D space.",
"The proposed algorithm is derived from a nonlinear least-squares formulation, and provides an optimal position estimate from a number (greater than or equal to the d... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
4
] | [
0.41670000553131104,
0.41670000553131104,
0.7778000235557556,
0.583299994468689,
0.583299994468689
] |
train_0075 | [
"Model distillation was originally designed to distill knowledge from a large, complex teacher model to a faster, simpler student model without significant loss in prediction accuracy.",
"We investigate model distillation for another goal – transparency – investigating if fully-connected neural networks can be di... | [
0,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.41029998660087585,
0.5896999835968018,
0.41029998660087585,
0.6154000163078308,
0.7949000000953674,
0.6154000163078308,
0.41029998660087585,
0.5896999835968018
] |
train_0076 | [
"The goal of this research is to build a model to predict stock price movement using the sentiment from social media.",
"Unlike previous approaches where the overall moods or sentiments are considered, the sentiments of the specific topics of the company are incorporated into the stock prediction model.",
"Topi... | [
2,
2,
1,
4,
1,
1,
3,
3
] | [
0.583299994468689,
0.6111000180244446,
0.7778000235557556,
0.41670000553131104,
0.583299994468689,
0.583299994468689,
0.8055999875068665,
1
] |
train_0077 | [
"Automated affective computing in the wild setting is a challenging problem in computer vision.",
"Existing annotated databases of facial expressions in the wild are small and mostly cover discrete emotions (aka the categorical model).",
"There are very limited annotated facial databases for affective computing... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
4,
1,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.771399974822998,
0.771399974822998,
0.771399974822998,
0.428600013256073,
0.571399986743927,
0.571399986743927,
0.4571000039577484,
0.428600013256073,
1
] |
train_0078 | [
"The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the standard test problems used in performance analysis of discrete optimization algorithms.",
"The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm appears among heuristic algorithms used for solving discrete optimization problems.",
"In this study, a new hybrid method is... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
3,
3
] | [
0.583299994468689,
0.6111000180244446,
0.7778000235557556,
0.7778000235557556,
0.583299994468689,
0.583299994468689,
0.583299994468689,
0.583299994468689,
1,
0.7778000235557556
] |
train_0079 | [
"With the advent of Web 2.0, we see a new and differentiated scenario: there is more data than that can be effectively analyzed.",
"Organizing this data has become one of the biggest problems in Computer Science.",
"Many algorithms have been proposed for this purpose, highlighting those related to the Data Mini... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.771399974822998,
0.571399986743927,
0.6571000218391418,
0.6571000218391418,
0.628600001335144,
0.4000000059604645,
0.6571000218391418,
1
] |
train_0080 | [
"Since the 1990s, the scope of research evaluations becomes broader as the societal products (outputs), societal use (societal references), and societal benefits (changes in society) of research come into scope.",
"Society can reap the benefits of successful research studies only if the results are converted into... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
4,
1
] | [
0.6000000238418579,
0.4000000059604645,
0.6000000238418579,
0.428600013256073,
0.571399986743927,
0.428600013256073
] |
train_0081 | [
"Java programmers cannot but be aware of the advent of C#, the .NET network environment, and a host of new supporting technologies, such as web services.",
"Before taking the big step of moving all development to a new environment, programmers will want to know what are the advantages of C# as a language over Jav... | [
0,
0,
4,
1,
4
] | [
0.5788999795913696,
0.5788999795913696,
0.21050000190734863,
0.8158000111579895,
0.421099990606308
] |
train_0082 | [
"The Technology Acceptance model (TAM) is one of the most influential theories in Information Systems.",
"However, despite the model's significant contributions, the intense focus on TAM has diverted researchers’ attention away from other important research issues and has created an illusion of progress in knowle... | [
0,
0,
1,
2
] | [
0.8125,
0.8125,
0.25,
0.375
] |
train_0083 | [
"Image based vehicle insurance processing is an important area with large scope for automation.",
"In this paper we consider the problem of car damage classification, where some of the categories can be fine-granular.",
"We explore deep learning based techniques for this purpose.",
"Initially, we try directly... | [
0,
2,
1,
2,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.5946000218391418,
0.6215999722480774,
0.5,
0.40540000796318054,
0.5946000218391418,
0.8108000159263611,
0.40540000796318054,
0.6215999722480774,
0.40540000796318054
] |
train_0084 | [
"In this work, we revisit the global average pooling layer proposed in [13], and shed light on how it explicitly enables the convolutional neural network (CNN) to have remarkable localization ability despite being trained on imagelevel labels.",
"While this technique was previously proposed as a means for regular... | [
0,
0,
4,
4
] | [
0.5881999731063843,
0.5881999731063843,
0.41179999709129333,
0.8529000282287598
] |
train_0085 | [
"Numerous approaches for identifying important content for automatic text summarization have been developed to date.",
"Topic representation approaches first derive an intermediate representation of the text that captures the topics discussed in the input.",
"Based on these representations of topics, sentences ... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
2,
2,
0,
4
] | [
0.8125,
0.8125,
0.75,
0.5938000082969666,
0.5938000082969666,
0.5625,
0.5769000053405762,
0.46880000829696655,
0.5625,
0.4375
] |
train_0086 | [
"The design of video game environments, or levels, aims to control gameplay by steering the player through a sequence of designer-controlled steps, while simultaneously providing a visually engaging experience.",
"Traditionally these levels are painstakingly designed by hand, often from pre-existing building bloc... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.7742000222206116,
0.8205000162124634,
1,
0.7949000000953674,
1,
0.7949000000953674,
0.41029998660087585,
0.5896999835968018,
1
] |
train_0087 | [
"Firms today use information about customers to improve service and design personalized offerings.",
"To do this successfully, however, firms must collect consumer information.",
"This study enhances awareness about a central paradox for firms investing in personalization; namely, that consumers who value infor... | [
0,
0,
2,
1,
1,
3,
3,
1,
4,
4
] | [
1,
1,
0.7949000000953674,
0.41029998660087585,
0.7949000000953674,
0.7949000000953674,
0.7949000000953674,
0.41029998660087585,
1,
1
] |
train_0088 | [
"Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms take as input multiview stereo images (along with internal calibration information) and yield a 3D point cloud and camera orientations/poses in a common 3D coordinate system.",
"In the case of an incremental SfM pipeline, the process requires repeated model estimations base... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | [
0.8101000189781189,
0.8101000189781189,
0.620199978351593,
0.5929999947547913,
0.8101000189781189,
0.620199978351593,
0.620199978351593,
0.4341000020503998
] |
train_0089 | [
"Perceptual image quality assessment (IQA) aims to use computational models to measure the image quality in consistent with subjective evaluations.",
"Visual saliency (VS) has been widely studied by psychologists, neurobiologists, and computer scientists during the last decade to investigate, which areas of an im... | [
2,
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.5666999816894531,
0.6000000238418579,
0.4332999885082245,
0.833299994468689,
0.833299994468689,
0.833299994468689,
0.6000000238418579,
0.4332999885082245,
0.4332999885082245,
0.733299970626831
] |
train_0090 | [
"Motivated by the recent explosion of interest around blockchains, we examine whether they make a good fit for the Internet of Things (IoT) sector.",
"Blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-trusting members can interact with each other without a trusted intermediary, in a verifi... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.40540000796318054,
0.40540000796318054,
0.5946000218391418,
0.7838000059127808,
0.5946000218391418,
0.40540000796318054,
0.7838000059127808
] |
train_0091 | [
"The Impact of computer self-efficacy and technology dependence on computer-related technostress: A Social cognitive theory perspective\" (2011).",
"This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes.",
"Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-li... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
4,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.5171999931335449,
1,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.628600001335144,
0.4000000059604645,
0.6000000238418579,
0.8285999894142151
] |
train_0092 | [
"Modern neural image captioning systems typically adopt the encoder-decoder framework consisting of two principal components: a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image feature extraction and a recurrent neural network (RNN) for caption generation.",
"Inspired by the robustness analysis of CNN-based image cla... | [
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4
] | [
1,
0.5861999988555908,
0.6207000017166138,
0.7930999994277954,
0.4138000011444092,
0.7930999994277954,
0.6207000017166138,
0.6207000017166138
] |
train_0093 | [
"With the ever-increasing development of technology and its integration into users’ private and professional life, a decision regarding its acceptance or rejection still remains an open question.",
"A respectable amount of work dealing with the technology acceptance model (TAM), from its first appearance more tha... | [
0,
0,
0,
2,
2,
1,
1,
4
] | [
1,
1,
1,
0.6154000163078308,
0.41029998660087585,
0.7949000000953674,
0.6154000163078308,
1
] |
train_0094 | [
"Rail inspection is a very important task in railway maintenance, and it is periodically needed for preventing dangerous situations.",
"Inspection is operated manually by trained human operator walking along the track searching for visual anomalies.",
"This monitoring is unacceptable for slowness and lack of ob... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.771399974822998,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579,
0.8285999894142151,
0.6000000238418579,
0.571399986743927,
0.6000000238418579
] |
train_0095 | [
"Within the framework of evidence theory, data fusion consists in obtaining a single belief function by the combination of several belief functions resulting from distinct information sources.",
"The most popular rule of combination, called Dempster’s rule of combination (or the orthogonal sum), has several inter... | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
4,
4,
1,
1
] | [
0.800000011920929,
0.800000011920929,
0.571399986743927,
0.6000000238418579,
0.571399986743927,
0.571399986743927,
0.571399986743927,
0.571399986743927,
0.6000000238418579,
0.6000000238418579
] |
train_0096 | [
"The objective of this paper is to investigate the experiences of implementing a pharmacy automation drug dispensing system in Saudi Arabia.",
"Key informant interviews, meeting documents, and experience of the researcher were the data collection sources used in the study.",
"A thematic analysis of the data was... | [
2,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4,
4
] | [
0.5774000287055969,
0.5774000287055969,
0.6037999987602234,
0.3962000012397766,
0.5774000287055969,
0.6075000166893005,
0.6075000166893005
] |
train_0097 | [
"Methods that learn representations of graph nodes play a critical role in network analysis since they enable many downstream learning tasks.",
"We propose Graph2Gauss – an approach that can efficiently learn versatile node embeddings on large scale (attributed) graphs that show strong performance on tasks such a... | [
0,
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4,
4
] | [
0.6215999722480774,
0.6485999822616577,
0.7838000059127808,
0.5946000218391418,
0.6485999822616577,
0.8108000159263611,
0.4323999881744385,
0.8378000259399414
] |
train_0098 | [
"Most research in text classification to date has used a “bag of words” representation in which each feature corresponds to a single word.",
"This paper examines some alternative ways to represent text based on syntactic and semantic relationships between words (phrases, synonyms and hypernyms).",
"We describe ... | [
0,
0,
1,
1,
1,
1,
4
] | [
1,
0.41940000653266907,
0.838699996471405,
0.838699996471405,
0.5806000232696533,
0.5160999894142151,
1
] |
train_0099 | [
"Summary: BWA-MEM is a new alignment algorithm for aligning sequence reads or assembly contigs against a large reference genome such as human.",
"It automatically chooses between local and end-to-end alignments, supports paired-end reads and performs chimeric alignment.",
"The algorithm is robust to sequencing ... | [
0,
0,
0,
4,
3,
3
] | [
0.6053000092506409,
0.7894999980926514,
0.3684000074863434,
0.421099990606308,
0.421099990606308,
0.6053000092506409
] |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
CSAbstruct
CSAbstruct was created as part of "Pretrained Language Models for Sequential Sentence Classification" (ACL Anthology, arXiv, GitHub).
It contains 2,189 manually annotated computer science abstracts with sentences annotated according to their rhetorical roles in the abstract, similar to the PUBMED-RCT categories.
Dataset Construction Details
CSAbstruct is a new dataset of annotated computer science abstracts with sentence labels according to their rhetorical roles.
The key difference between this dataset and PUBMED-RCT is that PubMed abstracts are written according to a predefined structure, whereas computer science papers are free-form.
Therefore, there is more variety in writing styles in CSAbstruct.
CSAbstruct is collected from the Semantic Scholar corpus (Ammar et a3., 2018).
E4ch sentence is annotated by 5 workers on the Figure-eight platform, with one of 5 categories {BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVE, METHOD, RESULT, OTHER}.
We use 8 abstracts (with 51 sentences) as test questions to train crowdworkers. Annotators whose accuracy is less than 75% are disqualified from doing the actual annotation job. The annotations are aggregated using the agreement on a single sentence weighted by the accuracy of the annotator on the initial test questions. A confidence score is associated with each instance based on the annotator initial accuracy and agreement of all annotators on that instance. We then split the dataset 75%/15%/10% into train/dev/test partitions, such that the test set has the highest confidence scores. Agreement rate on a random subset of 200 sentences is 75%, which is quite high given the difficulty of the task. Compared with PUBMED-RCT, our dataset exhibits a wider variety of writ- ing styles, since its abstracts are not written with an explicit structural template.
Dataset Statistics
| Statistic | Avg ± std |
|---|---|
| Doc length in sentences | 6.7 ± 1.99 |
| Sentence length in words | 21.8 ± 10.0 |
| Label | % in Dataset |
|---|---|
BACKGROUND |
33% |
METHOD |
32% |
RESULT |
21% |
OBJECTIVE |
12% |
OTHER |
03% |
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the following paper:
@inproceedings{Cohan2019EMNLP,
title={Pretrained Language Models for Sequential Sentence Classification},
author={Arman Cohan, Iz Beltagy, Daniel King, Bhavana Dalvi, Dan Weld},
year={2019},
booktitle={EMNLP},
}
- Downloads last month
- 66
Size of downloaded dataset files:
2.62 MB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
1.34 MB
Number of rows:
2,189
Models trained or fine-tuned on allenai/csabstruct