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Submitted by
taesiri

Kimi K3: Open Frontier Intelligence

We introduce Kimi K3, a 2.8T parameter Mixture-of-Experts model with 104 billion activated parameters, native vision capabilities, and a 1-million-token context window. Kimi K3 is built on Kimi Delta Attention and Attention Residuals, which improve information flow across sequence length and model depth. Together with Stable LatentMoE, which effectively activates 16 of 896 routed experts per token, and refined training and data recipes, these advances yield an approximately 2.5x improvement in overall scaling efficiency over Kimi K2. Post-training highlights reinforcement learning across general, agentic, and coding domains and multiple reasoning-effort levels, enabling compositional generalization and robust long-horizon execution. At 2.8T scale, Kimi K3 is supported by infrastructure advances in multiple areas: algorithm-system co-design for KDA, perfectly balanced expert-parallel training with efficient memory management, million-token agentic RL with persistent rollout and sandbox states, and deployment innovations. Extensive evaluations show that Kimi K3 achieves frontier-level performance across long-horizon coding, agentic, knowledge, reasoning, and vision tasks. While its overall performance still trails the most powerful proprietary models, namely Claude Fable 5 and GPT-5.6 Sol, Kimi K3 consistently outperforms other open and proprietary models evaluated in our suite. We release the full Kimi K3 model weights to facilitate future research and accelerate the broader deployment and adoption of frontier intelligence.

moonshotai Moonshot AI · Jul 27, 2026
Submitted by
taesiri

Unlimited OCR Works

Unlimited OCR introduces Reference Sliding Window Attention to eliminate growing memory consumption during long-sequence OCR tasks, enabling efficient transcription of multiple pages in a single forward pass.

baidu BAIDU · Jun 22, 2026

Kronos: A Foundation Model for the Language of Financial Markets

Kronos, a specialized pre-training framework for financial K-line data, outperforms existing models in forecasting and synthetic data generation through a unique tokenizer and autoregressive pre-training on a large dataset.

  • 7 authors
· Aug 2, 2025
Submitted by
nielsr

Geometric Context Transformer for Streaming 3D Reconstruction

LingBot-Map is a feed-forward 3D foundation model that reconstructs scenes from video streams using a geometric context transformer architecture with specialized attention mechanisms for coordinate grounding, dense geometric cues, and long-range drift correction, achieving stable real-time performance at 20 FPS.

robbyant Robbyant · Apr 15, 2026
Submitted by
unilm

VibeVoice Technical Report

VibeVoice synthesizes long-form multi-speaker speech using next-token diffusion and a highly efficient continuous speech tokenizer, achieving superior performance and fidelity.

MicrosoftResearch Microsoft Research · Aug 26, 2025
Submitted by
taesiri

SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skills

SkillOpt introduces a systematic text-space optimizer for agent skills that trains skills as external agent state with stable updates and zero deployment inference overhead, achieving superior performance across multiple benchmarks and execution environments.

MicrosoftResearch Microsoft Research · May 22, 2026

TradingAgents: Multi-Agents LLM Financial Trading Framework

A multi-agent framework using large language models for stock trading simulates real-world trading firms, improving performance metrics like cumulative returns and Sharpe ratio.

  • 4 authors
· Dec 28, 2024
Submitted by
akhaliq

OpenDevin: An Open Platform for AI Software Developers as Generalist Agents

OpenDevin is a platform for developing AI agents that interact with the world by writing code, using command lines, and browsing the web, with support for multiple agents and evaluation benchmarks.

  • 24 authors
· Jul 23, 2024
Submitted by
taesiri

MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsing

MinerU2.5, a 1.2B-parameter document parsing vision-language model, achieves state-of-the-art recognition accuracy with computational efficiency through a coarse-to-fine parsing strategy.

  • 61 authors
· Sep 26, 2025
Submitted by
LYL1015

JarvisHub: An Open Harness for Canvas-Native Multimodal Creative Agents

Creative AI is moving from single-step asset generation toward long-horizon multimodal production. Although recent generative models can synthesize high-quality images, videos, audio clips, UI elements, storyboards, slides, and other creative assets, real-world creative work requires more than isolated prompt-output interactions. It involves references, drafts, alternatives, edits, failed attempts, version relations, tool actions, evaluation signals, and human feedback, which together form an evolving project state. Existing prompt-based, chat-based, and node-based generation systems only partially support this state, as they often discard intermediate context, rely on linear conversations, or require manually specified workflows. Recent commercial systems indicate a shift toward agent-assisted creative production, but their closed architectures make it difficult to study how agents represent context, choose tools, revise artifacts, recover from failures, and maintain consistency over time. To address this gap, we introduce JarvisHub, a canvas-native creative agent harness for long-horizon multimodal creation. JarvisHub treats an editable canvas as the user workspace, the agent's external memory, action space, and shared project state, representing multimodal artifacts, dependencies, versions, and feedback as typed canvas nodes and links. Through a three-layer architecture of canvas state, protocol bridge, and agent runtime, JarvisHub enables agents to act within an inspectable and editable creative state. This design moves creative agents beyond isolated tool use toward sustained, human-steerable creative automation, where agents can progressively plan, generate, revise, and organize multimodal projects while users remain able to inspect, guide, and intervene throughout the process.

  • 26 authors
· Jul 26, 2026
Submitted by
ldkong

Data Pyramid for Embodied Manipulation

Multimodal foundation models learned to see and to speak by consuming the whole internet. Embodied agents admit no such shortcut, since they require data that couple observations with physical states and actions. These signals can be provided, to varying degrees, by multiple data sources. In this work, we organize the embodied data ecosystem as a "pyramid" spanning five complementary sources: real-robot data, UMI-style data, egocentric and exocentric data, simulation data, and general vision-language data. We organize the pyramid around the tension between scalability and robot alignment, and further characterize each source in terms of data quality, diversity, reusability, and physical fidelity. We then analyze recent embodied foundation models through the lens of their data recipes, examining how different sources are selected, aligned, and mixed during pretraining. For embodied brain models, vision-language-action models, and world-action models alike, we relate data composition to capabilities in perception, reasoning, planning, action generation, and world prediction. We close by discussing six open challenges: building large-scale tactile datasets, collecting failure and recovery data, developing scalable data-collection pipelines, aligning actions across embodiments, leveraging egocentric data for dexterous manipulation, and designing principled data recipes for robot learning. We hope this work paves the foundation for the design of next-generation embodied systems.

PekingUniversity Peking University · Jul 27, 2026
Submitted by
akhaliq

Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttention

PagedAttention algorithm and vLLM system enhance the throughput of large language models by efficiently managing memory and reducing waste in the key-value cache.

  • 9 authors
· Sep 12, 2023
Submitted by
akhaliq

Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memory

Mem0, a memory-centric architecture with graph-based memory, enhances long-term conversational coherence in LLMs by efficiently extracting, consolidating, and retrieving information, outperforming existing memory systems in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.

  • 5 authors
· Apr 28, 2025
Submitted by
taesiri

Molt: A Scalable PyTorch-Native Training Framework for Agentic Reinforcement Learning

Agentic reinforcement learning research is constant algorithm modification, new estimators, new pipeline stages, new rollout schemes, and in mainstream frameworks each change threads through layers of trainer, distributed backend, and rollout glue: the cost lands on the researcher at every iteration. Molt is a PyTorch-native training framework built to keep that cost small: a codebase compact and clean enough for a researcher to hold in their head, and for an AI coding assistant to read and reason about in its entirety, so the algorithm flow can be traced and changed end to end. The agent is an ordinary program, and one asynchronous loop trains multimodal and mixture-of-experts policies while never training on a token it did not generate, consistent in tokens, policy versions, and model semantics. Leanness does not cost performance: under a matched, fully asynchronous protocol, Molt is statistically comparable to a state-of-the-art Megatron-based stack. Molt is open source and provides recipes and containers at https://github.com/NVIDIA-NeMo/labs-molt.

nvidia NVIDIA · Jul 22, 2026
Submitted by
ChengCui

PaddleOCR-VL-1.6: Expanding the Frontier of Document Parsing with Under-Optimized Region Refinement and Progressive Post-Training

PaddleOCR-VL-1.6 enhances document parsing performance through targeted data optimization and progressive post-training techniques, achieving state-of-the-art results on OmniDocBench v1.6.

PaddlePaddle PaddlePaddle · Jun 2, 2026

Efficient Guided Generation for Large Language Models

An efficient method guides language model text generation using regular expressions and context-free grammars with minimal overhead.

  • 2 authors
· Jul 19, 2023

Moonshine: Speech Recognition for Live Transcription and Voice Commands

Moonshine, an encoder-decoder transformer architecture for speech recognition, uses Rotary Position Embedding, reducing compute requirements without decreasing accuracy.

  • 6 authors
· Oct 21, 2024
Submitted by
evanking

Flavors of Moonshine: Tiny Specialized ASR Models for Edge Devices

Monolingual ASR models trained on a balanced mix of high-quality, pseudo-labeled, and synthetic data outperform multilingual models for small model sizes, achieving superior error rates and enabling on-device ASR for underrepresented languages.

  • 5 authors
· Sep 2, 2025
Submitted by
zbhpku

DataFlow: An LLM-Driven Framework for Unified Data Preparation and Workflow Automation in the Era of Data-Centric AI

DataFlow is an LLM-driven data preparation framework that enhances data quality and reproducibility for various tasks, improving LLM performance with automatically generated pipelines.

PekingUniversity Peking University · Dec 18, 2025
Submitted by
yh-wang

Orca: The World is in Your Mind

Orca establishes a unified world latent space through next-state-prediction modeling using multimodal data and demonstrates superior performance in downstream tasks compared to specialized baselines.

  • 57 authors
· Jun 29, 2026
Submitted by
andito

SmolDocling: An ultra-compact vision-language model for end-to-end multi-modal document conversion

SmolDocling is a compact vision-language model that performs end-to-end document conversion with robust performance across various document types using 256M parameters and a new markup format.

ibm-granite IBM Granite · Mar 14, 2025

LightRAG: Simple and Fast Retrieval-Augmented Generation

LightRAG improves Retrieval-Augmented Generation by integrating graph structures for enhanced contextual awareness and efficient information retrieval, achieving better accuracy and response times.

  • 5 authors
· Oct 8, 2024
Submitted by
taesiri

ABot-World-0: Infinite Interactive World Rollout on a Single Desktop GPU

We present ABot-World-0, an action-conditioned video world model for real-time, long-horizon closed-loop interaction, supported by a multi-source data infrastructure spanning AAA games, simulation engines, and internet videos to learn controllable world dynamics. WorldExplorer performs agent-driven collection guided by training feedback, while a unified pipeline applies 14 deterministic quality checks, VLM-based assessment, and synchronized action and text annotation. We progressively distill a bidirectional action-conditioned teacher into a causal student through teacher forcing and ODE distillation, and introduce LongForcing to align long student self-rollouts with an extended-horizon teacher, mitigating accumulated distribution shift and autoregressive drift. Raw keyboard actions provide a unified control interface for scene roaming and third-person character interaction, while reference-character memory provides persistent appearance cues for identity consistency during third-person rollouts. For deployment, we co-design a streaming inference stack with a lightweight VAE decoder, efficient attention, memory-aware scheduling, and low-bit DiT inference. Across optimized low-bit configurations, ABot-World-0 streams 720P video at up to 16 FPS on a single NVIDIA RTX 5090 desktop GPU, with 1.2s action-to-first-frame latency and approximately 19GiB peak VRAM. Experiments on WorldRoamBench and extended interactive rollouts demonstrate competitive controllability and coherent long-horizon world evolution.

acvlab Alibaba AMAP CV Lab · Jul 21, 2026
Submitted by
fistyyyy

ResearchStudio-Idea: An Evidence-Grounded Research-Ideation Skill Suite from ML Conference Outcomes

ResearchStudio-Idea provides a skill suite for effective research ideation that combines literature search, novelty checking, and pattern-guided generation to produce traceable research proposals.

microsoft Microsoft · Jul 5, 2026
Submitted by
zhanjun

OmniVAE: An Audio-Video VAE with Cross-Modal Alignment for Joint Generation

Recent generative models are moving beyond silent video or standalone audio synthesis toward the joint generation of synchronized audio and video. Despite this progress, jointly generating audio and video with fine-grained cross-modal correspondence remains challenging due to their fundamental structural differences. Most existing methods use audio and video VAEs trained separately. As a result, the two latent spaces lack cross-modal alignment, leaving the downstream generative model to learn cross-modal synchronization from scratch. We present OmniVAE, a jointly trained audio-video VAE that learns fine-grained semantic alignment between audio and video latent representations. Beyond reconstruction, OmniVAE uses a segment-level audio-video contrastive objective to capture temporal-semantic correspondence and align the two latent spaces. In parallel, it distills features from pretrained modality-specific semantic encoders into each modality, improving the downstream learnability of both latent spaces. Extensive experiments show that both objectives consistently improve the learnability of the latent spaces, translating into higher generation quality and more accurate cross-modal synchronization in downstream text-to-audio-video generation. These findings underscore the importance of learning unified representations as a foundation for omnimodal modeling.1

OpenMOSS-Team OpenMOSS · Jul 26, 2026
Submitted by
RuofengYang

ARIS: Autonomous Research via Adversarial Multi-Agent Collaboration

ARIS is an open-source research harness that uses cross-model adversarial collaboration to ensure reliable long-term research outcomes through coordinated execution, orchestration, and assurance layers.

Zep: A Temporal Knowledge Graph Architecture for Agent Memory

Zep, a memory layer service, outperforms MemGPT in the DMR benchmark and LongMemEval by excelling in dynamic knowledge integration and temporal reasoning, critical for enterprise use cases.

  • 5 authors
· Jan 20, 2025

OmniFlatten: An End-to-end GPT Model for Seamless Voice Conversation

A novel GPT-based model, OmniFlatten, enables real-time natural full-duplex spoken dialogue through a multi-stage post-training technique that integrates speech and text without altering the original model's architecture.

  • 9 authors
· Oct 23, 2024
Submitted by
taesiri

Skill Self-Play: Pushing the Frontier of LLM Capability with Co-Evolving Skills

LLM training is shifting from manual design and annotation to interaction-driven self-evolution. However, existing self-evolutionary methods face a fundamental dilemma between task diversity and verification reliability: environment-bound methods obtain precise feedback but confine learning to narrow domains, while open-ended self-generation broadens the task space but lacks reliable verification, allowing misleading rewards to pollute the training loop. We identify agent skills as a powerful middle ground to reconcile this tension: each skill ensures deep, verifiable execution in a specific scenario, while dynamic routing across skills maintains open-ended task variety. Leveraging this insight, we introduce Skill Self-Play (Skill-SP), a co-evolutionary framework comprising a proposer, a solver, and a dynamic skill controller. Orchestrated via a reinforcement learning loop, these components co-evolve in a continuous self-play loop: the proposer generates challenging tasks conditioned on dynamically sampled skills; the solver explores candidate solutions to push its capability boundaries; and the skill controller collects execution feedback to update and expand the skill library. This interactive co-evolution effectively bridges the gap between structured verification and open-ended exploration. Empirical evaluations on tool-use and reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that Skill-SP, serving as a robust evolution engine, consistently pushes the performance ceiling of competent backbones while catalyzing striking turnarounds for initially misaligned models. Our code is available at https://github.com/Qwen-Applications/skill-self-play.

QwenBusinessUnit Qwen Business Unit · Jul 24, 2026
Submitted by
nielsr

Ultralytics YOLO26: Unified Real-Time End-to-End Vision Models

YOLO26 addresses real-time vision challenges through a unified model family with NMS-free inference, improved training strategies, and multi-task capabilities spanning detection, segmentation, and pose estimation.

Ultralytics Ultralytics · Jun 2, 2026

AutoDev: Automated AI-Driven Development

AutoDev is an AI-driven software development framework that automates complex engineering tasks within a secure Docker environment, achieving high performance in code and test generation.

  • 5 authors
· Mar 13, 2024

Native and Compact Structured Latents for 3D Generation

A new sparse voxel representation called O-Voxel enables high-quality 3D generative modeling with efficient inference and robust topology handling.

microsoft Microsoft · Dec 16, 2025
Submitted by
taesiri

GNM Head: A Generative aNthropometric Model of the human head

Parametric models of the human head are essential tools traditionally used in computer vision and graphics for animation, rendering, and reconstruction. More recently, they serve as crucial conditioning signals within generative large vision models, allowing for tight spatial control of generated imagery. However, existing publicly available models are typically limited in anatomical scope, modeling only outer geometry while ignoring intra-oral and ocular structures, and frequently suffer from reduced geometric quality stemming from low-fidelity input datasets. In this report we introduce a new parametric model dubbed Generative aNthropometric Model (GNM), named as a homophone of the human genome. GNM encompasses the head, face, neck, eyeballs, teeth, and tongue, and it is built on an extensive database of high-resolution 3D scans combined with high-quality anatomy specific artist-made samples. This report details the data provenance, the model architecture including the specialized sub-models for the ocular and intra-oral structures, and shows its SotA performance on fitting target 3D face scans. To foster community innovation, the complete GNM framework is made publicly available.

google Google · Jul 26, 2026

HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing

Transformers library provides state-of-the-art Transformer architectures and pretrained models for natural language processing tasks with a unified API and emphasis on extensibility and robust deployment.

huggingface Hugging Face · Oct 9, 2019
Submitted by
Yulin-Li

Efficient Reasoning with Balanced Thinking

ReBalance is a training-free framework that balances reasoning in large models by using confidence indicators to detect and correct overthinking and underthinking behaviors through dynamic steering vectors.

  • 8 authors
· Mar 12, 2026
Submitted by
shanyou92

Kairos: A Native World Model Stack for Physical AI

Kairos is a world model framework that learns from diverse experiences, maintains persistent states through hybrid temporal attention mechanisms, and operates efficiently across different hardware platforms for physical AI applications.

  • 24 authors
· Jun 16, 2026
Submitted by
taesiri

AgentScope 1.0: A Developer-Centric Framework for Building Agentic Applications

AgentScope enhances agentic applications by providing flexible tool-based interactions, unified interfaces, and advanced infrastructure based on the ReAct paradigm, supporting efficient and safe development and deployment.

  • 23 authors
· Aug 22, 2025

EverMemOS: A Self-Organizing Memory Operating System for Structured Long-Horizon Reasoning

EverMemOS presents a self-organizing memory system for large language models that processes dialogue streams into structured memory cells and scenes to enhance long-term interaction capabilities.

  • 11 authors
· Jan 5, 2026
Submitted by
akhaliq

Very Large-Scale Multi-Agent Simulation in AgentScope

Enhancements to the AgentScope platform improve scalability, efficiency, and ease of use for large-scale multi-agent simulations through distributed mechanisms, flexible environments, and user-friendly tools.

  • 8 authors
· Jul 25, 2024
Submitted by
taesiri

SearchOS-V1: Towards Robust Open-Domain Information-Seeking Agent Collaboration

Recent advances in Tool-Integrated Large Language Models have made web search a core capability of information-seeking agents. However, as interaction histories grow, agents increasingly struggle to track task progress. When search attempts fail to yield useful evidence, current single- and multi-agent systems can become trapped in repetitive loops, wasting search budgets and ultimately compromising the quality and completeness of the final output. We introduce SearchOS, a system-level multi-agent framework that turns fragile, implicit search progress into explicit, persistent, and shared state. First, we formulate open-domain information seeking as relational schema completion with grounded citations, where agents discover entities, populate attributes across linked tables, and anchor each value to source evidence. Then we design Search-Oriented Context Management (SOCM), which externalizes the evolving state into Frontier Task, an Evidence Graph, a Coverage Map, and Failure Memory. Built on SOCM, SearchOS applies a pipeline-parallel scheduling mechanism that overlaps the execution of sub-agents and continuously refills freed slots with tasks targeting unresolved coverage gaps to improve utilization and throughput. To schedule and control the execution of search agents, SearchOS introduces a Search Tool Middleware Harness that intercepts model and tool interactions to record grounded evidence and react to stalls or budget exhaustion, and provides a reusable hierarchical skill system comprising strategy and access skills to augment the agents' search process and avoid repeating failed search patterns across runs. On WideSearch and GISA, SearchOS leads all metrics among the evaluated single- and multi-agent baselines, paving the way toward robust information-seeking collaboration.

antgroup Ant Group · Jul 16, 2026

IndexTTS: An Industrial-Level Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Text-To-Speech System

IndexTTS, an enhanced text-to-speech system combining XTTS and Tortoise models, offers improved naturalness, enhanced voice cloning, and controllable usage through hybrid character-pinyin modeling and optimized vector quantization.

  • 5 authors
· Feb 8, 2025

PyTorch Distributed: Experiences on Accelerating Data Parallel Training

The PyTorch distributed data parallel module optimizes large-scale model training using techniques like gradient bucketing, computation-communication overlap, and selective synchronization to achieve near-linear scalability.

  • 11 authors
· Jun 28, 2020
Submitted by
andito

SmolVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Affordable and Efficient Robotics

SmolVLA is a compact, efficient vision-language-action model that achieves competitive performance at reduced computational costs and can be deployed on consumer-grade hardware.

  • 14 authors
· Jun 2, 2025
Submitted by
iieycx

JoyAI-VL-Interaction: Real-Time Vision-Language Interaction Intelligence

A vision-language model operates continuously in real-time, making autonomous decisions about when to respond or delegate, enabling interactive systems that perceive and act upon environmental changes without user prompting.

jdopensource JD.com Open Source · Jun 10, 2026
Submitted by
kpzhang996

AlayaWorld: Interactive Long-Horizon World Modeling -- Full Technical Report

Unlike conventional video game development, which relies on labor-intensive pipelines for asset production, animation, physics, and programming, video world models generate interactive environments from user inputs instantly. It enable us to create customized, explorable, and continuously evolving virtual world from text, an image, or video. Realizing this vision requires four tightly coupled capabilities: interaction, persistent spatiotemporal consistency, stable long-horizon generation, and efficient response. We present AlayaWorld, an interactive long-horizon video world model that generates 24-fps video at 540p and 720p. Built on a 15B video diffusion transformer, AlayaWorld generates short latent chunks autoregressively under camera trajectories and switchable text prompts. Its bounded visual context combines a persistent sink frame, compressed temporal history, geometry-aligned spatial memory, and recent-frame conditioning. To reduce long-term drift, the model is trained with corrupted histories and prediction residuals collected from its own roll-outs. We further introduce a discrete autoregressive distillation formulation that combines distribution-matching distillation, self-forcing++, and consistency distillation, reducing inference from approximately 30 sampling steps to four steps per chunk. On iWorld-Bench, AlayaWorld achieves the best performance over long-horizon generation. Conceived as a full-stack, open-source, and long-term project, AlayaWorld is intended to provide an extensible foundation for future research on interactive video world models.

AlayaLab Alaya Lab · Jul 20, 2026
Submitted by
Jeff-Wang

GigaWorld-1: A Roadmap to Build World Models for Robot Policy Evaluation

World models for robotic policy evaluation are systematically studied through a new benchmark, revealing that long-horizon rollout consistency and robot-specific controllability are more important than short-term visual realism for reliable policy assessment.

open-gigaai GigaAI · Jul 2, 2026
Submitted by
akhaliq

LlamaFactory: Unified Efficient Fine-Tuning of 100+ Language Models

LlamaFactory is a unified framework enabling efficient fine-tuning of large language models across various tasks using a web-based user interface.

  • 5 authors
· Mar 20, 2024
Submitted by
Paranioar

SenseNova-U1: Unifying Multimodal Understanding and Generation with NEO-unify Architecture

Unified vision-language models treat understanding and generation as integrated processes rather than separate tasks, demonstrating strong performance across multiple multimodal capabilities including image synthesis and action reasoning.

sensenova SenseNova · May 12, 2026

MediaPipe: A Framework for Building Perception Pipelines

MediaPipe framework facilitates the development of perception applications by providing tools for combining components, prototyping, and measuring performance across platforms.

  • 14 authors
· Jun 14, 2019
Submitted by
lhpku20010120

K12-KGraph: A Curriculum-Aligned Knowledge Graph for Benchmarking and Training Educational LLMs

Large language models are increasingly used in K-12 education, but existing benchmarks mainly test exam question answering rather than understanding how curriculum knowledge is structured and visually presented. We call this capability curriculum cognition. It covers prerequisite chains, concept taxonomies, experiment-concept links, pedagogical sequencing, and visual grounding. We introduce K12-KGraph, a curriculum-aligned knowledge graph extracted from official People's Education Press textbooks in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology across primary, middle, and high school. It contains nine node types and fourteen relation types covering curriculum structure and visual grounding. From this graph, we derive K12-Bench, a 23,640-question multi-select benchmark with five task families: Ground, Prereq, Neighbor, Evidence, and Locate. We also build K12-Train, a graph-guided supervised fine-tuning corpus of 7,335 samples, including 2,267 text-only QA pairs and 5,068 multimodal VQA pairs. On K12-Bench, Gemini-3-Flash achieves only 57 percent exact match and Gemma-4-31B-IT reaches 46 percent, with Prereq and Neighbor being the hardest tasks. Our training experiments show that domain-specific supervision can reduce this gap. Under a matched 2,300-sample budget, K12-Train-Text consistently outperforms equally sized subsets of eight mainstream instruction-tuning corpora on GaokaoBench and EduEval. For vision-language models, K12-Train-Full achieves the best overall results on Gaokao-MM, MDK12-medium, and K12Vista among all compared training configurations, despite using fewer samples than the full DataFlow and WizardLM baselines. It also surpasses both text-only and multimodal-only variants, showing that textual and visual supervision are complementary. We release the graph, benchmark, training data, and complete construction pipeline.

PekingUniversity Peking University · Jul 23, 2026