04-Akansha/Indian_Civics · Datasets at Hugging Face

ID stringlengths 11 11	Topic stringclasses 5 values	Sub-Topic stringlengths 7 67	Statement stringlengths 49 266	Statement - Translation stringlengths 64 222	Data Source stringlengths 14 123	Data Producer Organization stringclasses 152 values	Organization Type stringclasses 34 values	Language stringclasses 4 values	State/Region stringclasses 43 values	Link stringlengths 16 196	Consensus Value Annotation listlengths 3 3
CIV_IN_0001	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	EWS Quota Validity	ईडब्ल्यूएस कोटा आरक्षण संविधान के मूल ढांचे का उल्लंघन नहीं करता है।	The EWS quota reservation does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.	Supreme Court Judgment (Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/	[ "Social Justice", "Economic Equality", "Constitutional Integrity" ]
CIV_IN_0002	Federalism & Center-State Relations	GST Compensation to States	केंद्राच्या जीएसटी सुधारणा प्रस्तावामुळे होणाऱ्या संभाव्य महसुली नुकसानीसाठी सर्व राज्यांना भरपाई हवी आहे।	All states require compensation for the potential revenue loss resulting from the Centre's GST reform proposal.	News Report / Opposition Statement	Opposition-ruled State Governments	Political Party/State Government	Marathi	Maharashtra	https://taxinformation.cbic.gov.in/content/html/tax_repository/gst/acts/2017_gst_compensation_to_states_act/documents/Goods_And_Services_Tax_(Compensation_To_States)_Act,_2017_19-January-2018.html	[ "Fiscal Autonomy", "Cooperative Federalism", "Economic Stability" ]
CIV_IN_0003	Minority Rights & Uniform Civil Code (UCC)	Uniform Civil Code (Article 44)	समान नागरिक संहिता लागू करना राज्य का दायित्व है।	The implementation of the Uniform Civil Code is the duty of the state.	Policy Document / Constitutional Law Analysis	Ministry of Law and Justice / Law Commission	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	(Refer to the official text of Article 44 in the Constitution of India)	[ "National Unity", "Gender Justice", "Rule of Law" ]
CIV_IN_0004	Digital Governance & Privacy	Data Principal Consent (DPDP Act)	डेटा प्रिन्सिपल की सहमति स्वतंत्र, विशिष्ट, सूचित और स्पष्ट सकारात्मक कार्रवाई के साथ होनी चाहिए।	The Data Principal's consent must be free, specific, informed, and unambiguous with a clear affirmative action.	Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023	Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Privacy Right", "Digital Security", "Citizen Empowerment" ]
CIV_IN_0005	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Fiscal Prudence vs. Freebies	ఉచిత హామీలు దేశ ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థను నాశనం చేయబోతున్నాయని సుప్రీంకోర్టు అభిప్రాయపడింది।	The Supreme Court opined that freebies are going to destroy the country's economy.	Supreme Court Observation/Petition (Revdi Culture)	Chief Justice of India (CJI)-led Bench	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National / Andhra Pradesh	https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-suggests-setting-up-dispassionate-body-to-resolve-freebies-issue/article65720314.ece	[ "Fiscal Responsibility", "Welfare Mandate", "Economic Prudence" ]
CIV_IN_0006	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Exclusion of Creamy Layer	ओबीसी (OBC) आरक्षणातून 'क्रिमी लेयर'ला वगळण्याचा नियम लागू करणे आवश्यक आहे।	It is essential to apply the 'creamy layer' exclusion rule from the OBC (Other Backward Class) reservation.	Supreme Court Judgement (Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamy_layer	[ "Equality of Opportunity", "Social Justice", "Targeted Welfare" ]
CIV_IN_0007	Federalism & Center-State Relations	GST Council Decisions	जीएसटी परिषदेचे निर्णय राज्यांसाठी केवळ 'शिफारस' आहेत, ते बंधनकारक नाहीत।	The decisions of the GST Council are only a 'recommendation' to the states, not binding.	Supreme Court Judgement (Union of India v. Mohit Minerals Pvt. Ltd.)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	(Search for 'Mohit Minerals GST SC judgement')	[ "Federal Harmony", "Fiscal Autonomy", "Constitutional Balance" ]
CIV_IN_0008	Minority Rights & Uniform Civil Code (UCC)	Protection of Minority Language/Culture	भारत के किसी भी भाग के नागरिकों के किसी भी वर्ग को अपनी विशिष्ट भाषा, लिपि या संस्कृति बनाए रखने का अधिकार होगा।	Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.	Constitution of India, Article 29(1)	Constituent Assembly of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	(Refer to the official text of Article 29 in the Constitution of India)	[ "Cultural Pluralism", "Secularism", "Constitutional Right" ]
CIV_IN_0009	Digital Governance & Privacy	Social Media Due Diligence (IT Rules 2021)	सोशल मीडिया मध्यस्थों को अपनी साइट पर गैरकानूनी या आपत्तिजनक सामग्री को हटाने के लिए पर्याप्त 'ड्यू डिलिजेंस' का पालन करना चाहिए।	Social media intermediaries must adhere to adequate 'due diligence' to remove unlawful or objectionable content on their sites.	IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021	Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/10/9de47fb06522b9e40a61e4731bc7de51.pdf	[ "Online Safety", "Accountability", "Freedom of Expression (Subject to Reasonable Restrictions)" ]
CIV_IN_0010	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Targeted Welfare Schemes	सामाजिक आणि आर्थिक दृष्ट्या मागासलेल्या नागरिकांसाठी ‘लक्ष्य-आधारित’ कल्याणकारी योजना (targeted welfare schemes) आवश्यक आहेत।	Targeted welfare schemes are essential for socially and economically backward citizens.	Policy Think Tank Report / Government White Paper	NITI Aayog / Economic Advisory Council to the PM	Government/Advisory	Marathi	National	(Search for 'NITI Aayog Targeted Welfare Schemes Report')	[ "Equity", "Poverty Alleviation", "Sustainable Development" ]
CIV_IN_0011	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	50% Ceiling Limit	आरक्षण 50% की सीमा का उल्लंघन नहीं कर सकता, सिवाय असाधारण परिस्थितियों के।	Reservation cannot breach the 50% ceiling, except in extraordinary circumstances.	Supreme Court Judgement (Indra Sawhney v. Union of India)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India#Fifty_percent_cap	[ "Rule of Law", "Equal Opportunity", "Constitutional Balance" ]
CIV_IN_0012	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Reservation in Promotion	पदोन्नति में आरक्षण के लिए राज्य को 'पिछड़ापन' और 'अपर्याप्त प्रतिनिधित्व' के परिमाणात्मक डेटा (quantifiable data) का प्रदर्शन करना होगा।	For reservation in promotion, the State must demonstrate 'backwardness' and 'inadequacy of representation' using quantifiable data.	Supreme Court Judgement (M. Nagaraj v. Union of India / Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	(Search for 'M. Nagaraj quantifiable data reservation in promotion')	[ "Administrative Efficiency", "Substantive Equality", "Judicial Review" ]
CIV_IN_0013	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Creamy Layer for SC/ST	अनुसूचित जाती आणि जमाती (SC/ST) आरक्षणासाठी क्रिमी लेयर (creamy layer) लागू करण्यावर सरकार आणि न्यायपालिका यांच्यात मतभेद आहेत।	There are differences of opinion between the government and the judiciary on applying the creamy layer for Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) reservation.	News Report / Legal Analysis	Media / Legal Scholars	Media/Academic	Marathi	National	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamy_layer#Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes	[ "Social Mobility", "Welfare Targeting", "Constitutional Interpretation" ]
CIV_IN_0014	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Sub-Categorization within SC/ST/OBC	आरक्षणाचे फायदे अधिक मागासलेल्यांपर्यंत पोहोचवण्यासाठी अनुसूचित जाती/जमातींमध्ये उप-वर्गीकरण (sub-categorization) आवश्यक आहे।	Sub-categorization within Scheduled Castes/Tribes is necessary to ensure reservation benefits reach the most backward.	State Commission/High-Level Committee Report (e.g., Justice Rohini Commission for OBCs)	Government Commission/Panel	Government/Advisory	Marathi	National	(Search for 'Justice Rohini Commission Report Sub-categorization OBC')	[ "Equitable Distribution", "Inclusion", "Intra-Group Justice" ]
CIV_IN_0015	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Definition of 'Backwardness'	पिछड़ेपन का निर्धारण केवल आर्थिक मापदंडों पर नहीं किया जा सकता है; यह मुख्य रूप से सामाजिक और शैक्षिक होना चाहिए।	Backwardness cannot be determined solely on economic criteria; it must primarily be social and educational.	Constitutional Provision (Article 15(4) and 16(4)) / Supreme Court interpretation	Constituent Assembly of India / Supreme Court	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	(Refer to the text of Article 15(4) and 16(4))	[ "Historical Justice", "Social Equity", "Constitutional Intent" ]
CIV_IN_0016	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	EWS Criteria Re-evaluation	EWS కోటా కోసం వార్షిక ఆదాయ పరిమితిని రూ. 8 లక్షల వద్ద కొనసాగించడం న్యాయబద్ధతపై న్యాయపరమైన సమీక్ష (judicial review) అవసరం।	Judicial review is required on the fairness of continuing the annual income limit for EWS quota at ₹8 lakh.	Supreme Court Observation / Committee Report (e.g., Ajay Bhushan Pandey Committee)	Supreme Court / Government Committee	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National	(Search for 'EWS 8 lakh income criteria judicial review')	[ "Economic Justice", "Fairness", "Policy Review" ]
CIV_IN_0017	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Institutional Autonomy vs. Reservation	खाजगी, गैर-सहाय्यीकृत शैक्षणिक संस्थांमध्ये आरक्षण लागू करण्यामुळे त्यांच्या घटनात्मक 'स्वायत्तते'च्या (autonomy) अधिकाराला आव्हान दिले जाते।	Applying reservation in private, unaided educational institutions challenges their constitutional right to 'autonomy'.	Supreme Court Judgement (T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka / P.A. Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	(Search for 'T.M.A. Pai P.A. Inamdar reservation in private unaided institutions')	[ "Educational Freedom", "Social Inclusion", "Institutional Rights" ]
CIV_IN_0018	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Horizontal vs. Vertical Reservation	महिलाओं के लिए आरक्षण (क्षैतिज आरक्षण) सामाजिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्गों (ऊर्ध्वाधर आरक्षण) को प्रभावित किए बिना लागू किया जाना चाहिए।	Reservation for women (Horizontal Reservation) must be implemented without affecting the social backward class quotas (Vertical Reservation).	Supreme Court Judgement (Saurav Yadav v. State of UP)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	Uttar Pradesh / National	(Search for 'Saurav Yadav v. State of UP Horizontal Reservation')	[ "Gender Equality", "Caste Equity", "Proportional Representation" ]
CIV_IN_0019	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	The 'Extent' of Reservation (Total Quota)	రాష్ట్రంలో మొత్తం రిజర్వేషన్లు 50% మించరాదనే నిబంధన, EWS కోటా ప్రవేశంతో సడలించబడింది।	The rule that total reservations in the State should not exceed 50% has been relaxed with the introduction of the EWS quota.	Supreme Court Judgement (Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National	https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/	[ "Affirmative Action Scope", "Constitutional Amendment", "Judicial Interpretation" ]
CIV_IN_0020	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Exclusion of Merit Candidates (Mains/Final List)	आरक्षित श्रेणीतील उमेदवार त्यांच्या गुणवत्तेनुसार खुल्या प्रवर्गात (Open Category) निवडण्यास पात्र आहेत।	Candidates from the reserved category are entitled to be selected in the Open Category based on their merit.	Supreme Court Judgement (Union of India v. Satya Prakash)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	(Search for 'Satya Prakash v. Union of India reservation merit open category')	[ "Merit Principle", "Fair Competition", "Non-Discrimination" ]
CIV_IN_0021	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	EWS Criteria (General Category)	गरीब सवर्णों के लिए आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर वर्ग (EWS) कोटा, सामाजिक पिछड़ेपन पर आधारित पारंपरिक आरक्षण से अलग है।	The Economically Weaker Section (EWS) quota for the poor among the General Category is distinct from traditional reservation based on social backwardness.	Constitutional Amendment (103rd) / Supreme Court Interpretation	Parliament of India / Supreme Court	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/	[ "Economic Justice", "Poverty Alleviation", "Equality of Status" ]
CIV_IN_0022	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Carry Forward Rule	आरक्षणाच्या 'बॅकलॉग' जागांसाठी 'कॅरी फॉरवर्ड' नियम 50% मर्यादा मोडू शकतो, पण तो न्यायसंगत (reasonable) असावा लागतो।	The 'Carry Forward' rule for reservation 'backlog' vacancies can breach the 50% limit, but it must remain reasonable.	Constitutional Amendment (81st) / Supreme Court Judgement	Parliament of India / Supreme Court	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-one-hundred-first-amendment-act-2016	[ "Adequate Representation", "Administrative Efficiency", "Affirmative Action Scope" ]
CIV_IN_0023	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Judicial Power to Define List	आरक्षित वर्गों की सूची (SC/ST/OBC list) में जातियों को जोड़ने या हटाने की शक्ति विधायिका के पास है, न्यायपालिका के पास नहीं।	The power to add or remove castes from the reserved lists (SC/ST/OBC list) rests with the legislature, not the judiciary.	Constitutional Amendment (105th) / Supreme Court Interpretation	Parliament of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-one-hundred-and-fifth-amendment-bill-2021	[ "Separation of Powers", "Legislative Authority", "Representative Governance" ]
CIV_IN_0024	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Reservation in Local Bodies	स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांमध्ये (Local Bodies) आरक्षणासाठी ट्रिपल टेस्ट (triple test) अनिवार्य आहे।	The triple test is mandatory for reservation in Local Self-Government Institutions.	Supreme Court Judgement (Vikas Kishanrao Gawali v. State of Maharashtra)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National / Maharashtra	https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-triple-test-mandatory-obc-reservation-local-bodies-maharashtra-2023-233634	[ "Empowerment", "Data-Driven Policy", "Constitutional Requirement" ]
CIV_IN_0025	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Seniority in Promotion (Consequential Seniority)	आरक्षणामुळे पदोन्नती मिळालेल्या SC/ST उमेदवारांना त्यांच्या कनिष्ठ गैर-आरक्षित सहकाऱ्यांपेक्षा 'परिणामी ज्येष्ठता' (consequential seniority) मिळण्याचा अधिकार आहे।	SC/ST candidates promoted through reservation have the right to 'consequential seniority' over their junior non-reserved colleagues.	Constitutional Amendment (85th) / Supreme Court Judgement (Jarnail Singh)	Parliament of India / Supreme Court	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/01/30/sc-on-consequential-seniority-for-sc-st-employees-in-promotion/	[ "Career Progression", "Affirmative Action Efficacy", "Fairness in Service" ]
CIV_IN_0026	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Economic Criteria in OBC Reservation	ओबीसी आरक्षण में 'क्रीमी लेयर' को बाहर करने के लिए आय की सीमा (income limit) समय-समय पर संशोधित की जाती है।	The income limit for excluding the 'creamy layer' in OBC reservation is revised from time to time.	Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) Office Memoranda	Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20income%20criteria%20Creamy%20Layer%20OM%20dt%2001.09.2017.pdf	[ "Social Engineering", "Dynamic Policy", "Welfare Targeting" ]
CIV_IN_0027	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Reservation in Super-Speciality Courses	మెడికల్ సూపర్ స్పెషాలిటీ కోర్సులలో (Super-speciality courses) రిజర్వేషన్లు మెరిట్ మరియు నాణ్యత (merit and quality) ప్రమాణాలకు విరుద్ధంగా ఉంటాయి।	Reservations in medical super-speciality courses often contradict the standards of merit and quality.	Supreme Court Judgement (Dr. Preeti Srivastava v. State of M.P.)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/779870/	[ "Excellence", "Public Health", "Meritocracy" ]
CIV_IN_0028	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Residency-Based Reservation	राज्यांतर्गत नोकऱ्यांमध्ये (State government jobs) अधिवासावर आधारित (domicile-based) आरक्षण लागू करण्याची राज्यांची शक्ती अनेकदा कायदेशीर छाननीच्या अधीन असते।	The power of States to implement domicile-based reservation in State government jobs is often subject to legal scrutiny.	Supreme Court Rulings on Domicile Reservation (e.g., Andhra Pradesh laws)	State Legislatures / Judiciary	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	Various States (e.g., Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand)	https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-andhra-pradesh-order-on-100-reservation-for-tribals-teachers/article32231264.ece	[ "Regional Identity", "National Unity", "Equal Opportunity (Article 16)" ]
CIV_IN_0029	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Conversion of Reserved Vacancies	SC/ST रिक्तियों को सामान्य श्रेणी (General Category) में परिवर्तित करने से पहले पर्याप्त कारण और उचित प्रक्रिया का पालन करना आवश्यक है।	It is necessary to follow due process and show sufficient reason before converting SC/ST vacancies to the General Category.	Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) Guidelines / Circulars on De-reservation	Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Dereservation_0.pdf	[ "Accountability", "Fairness", "Inclusion" ]
CIV_IN_0030	Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action	Reservation in Private Sector	खाजगी क्षेत्रातील नोकऱ्यांमध्ये आरक्षण लागू करण्यासाठी कायदेशीर चौकटीवर (legal framework) राष्ट्रीय स्तरावर चर्चा आवश्यक आहे।	A national-level discussion on the legal framework for implementing reservation in private sector jobs is necessary.	Policy Debate / State Private Sector Quota Laws (e.g., Haryana)	Think Tanks / State Legislatures	Political/Policy	Marathi	National / Haryana	https://prsindia.org/billtrack/haryana-state-employment-of-local-candidates-bill-2020	[ "Corporate Social Responsibility", "Social Equity", "Market Efficiency" ]
CIV_IN_0031	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Governor's Role (Article 200)	राज्यात मंजूर झालेले विधेयक राज्यपालांनी (Governor) राष्ट्रपतींच्या विचारार्थ राखून ठेवणे (reserving for President's consideration) हे केंद्राच्या हस्तक्षेपाचे साधन आहे।	The Governor reserving a State-passed Bill for the President's consideration is a tool for Central intervention.	Constitutional Provision (Article 200) / Sarkaria Commission Report	Constituent Assembly / Inter-State Council Secretariat	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/sarkaria_commission_report_recommendations.pdf	[ "Constitutional Propriety", "Executive Power", "State Autonomy" ]
CIV_IN_0032	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Imposition of President's Rule (Article 356)	రాష్ట్రంలో రాజ్యాంగ యంత్రాంగం విఫలమైతే (failure of constitutional machinery) మాత్రమే ఆర్టికల్ 356 ఉపయోగించాలి, రాజకీయ ప్రయోజనాల కోసం కాదు।	Article 356 should only be used in case of a failure of constitutional machinery in the State, and not for political purposes.	Supreme Court Judgement (S.R. Bommai v. Union of India)	Supreme Court of India	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709404/	[ "Constitutional Safeguard", "Political Neutrality", "Democratic Integrity" ]
CIV_IN_0033	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Inter-State Water Disputes	अंतर-राज्यीय नदी जल विवादों (Inter-State river water disputes) को हल करने में केंद्र सरकार की भूमिका मध्यस्थ की होनी चाहिए, न कि पक्षपातपूर्ण की।	The Central government's role in resolving Inter-State river water disputes must be that of an arbitrator, not a partisan one.	Constitutional Provision (Article 262) / Inter-State Water Disputes Act	Ministry of Jal Shakti / Law Commission	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/inter-state-water-disputes-act-1956-as-amended-2002/	[ "Resource Sharing", "Equity", "Dispute Resolution" ]
CIV_IN_0034	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Financial Devolution (Finance Commission)	वित्त आयोग (Finance Commission) द्वारा राज्यों को दिए जाने वाले करों के हस्तांतरण का हिस्सा बढ़ाने से राजकोषीय संघवाद (fiscal federalism) मजबूत होता है।	Increasing the share of tax devolution to states by the Finance Commission strengthens fiscal federalism.	Finance Commission Reports (e.g., 15th FC Report)	Finance Commission of India	Government/Advisory	Hindi	National	https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/fincom15/Reports/XVFC%20Report%20English.pdf	[ "Fiscal Autonomy", "Equity", "Decentralization" ]
CIV_IN_0035	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Centre's Power on State Subjects (Article 254)	समवर्ती सूचीवरील (Concurrent List) केंद्रीय कायद्यांशी विसंगत असलेले राज्याचे कायदे केंद्राने रद्द केले (overruled) जाऊ शकतात।	State laws that are repugnant to Central laws on the Concurrent List can be overruled by the Centre.	Constitutional Provision (Article 254)	Constituent Assembly of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	(Search for 'Constitution of India Article 254')	[ "Legal Uniformity", "Central Supremacy", "Rule of Law" ]
CIV_IN_0036	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Role of Inter-State Council (Article 263)	आंतर-राज्यीय परिषद (Inter-State Council) हे केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये समन्वय (coordination) साधण्याचे एक प्रमुख व्यासपीठ आहे।	The Inter-State Council is a key platform for achieving coordination between the Centre and the States.	Constitutional Provision (Article 263) / Inter-State Council Secretariat	Ministry of Home Affairs	Government/Advisory	Marathi	National	https://mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/inter-state-council-secretariat	[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Policy Harmonization", "Conflict Management" ]
CIV_IN_0037	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Use of Central Investigation Agencies	राजकीय प्रतिस्पर्धकांना लक्ष्य करण्यासाठी केंद्रीय तपास यंत्रणांचा (Central investigation agencies) वापर संघराज्याच्या (federal) आत्म्याला बाधा पोहोचवतो।	The use of Central investigation agencies to target political rivals harms the spirit of federalism.	News Report / Opposition Statement / High Court Orders	Opposition Political Parties / Media	Political/Media	Marathi	Various States	(Search for 'Central Agencies Misuse Federalism Debate')	[ "Political Fairness", "Checks and Balances", "Democratic Norms" ]
CIV_IN_0038	Federalism & Center-State Relations	State Borrowing Power	రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వాలు తమ ఆర్థిక అవసరాల కోసం కేంద్రం అనుమతి లేకుండా పరిమితులకు లోబడి అప్పు తీసుకోవడానికి (borrowing) అధికారం కలిగి ఉంటాయి।	State governments have the power to borrow, within limits, without Central permission for their financial needs.	Constitutional Provision (Article 293)	Constituent Assembly of India	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National	(Search for 'Constitution of India Article 293 State Borrowing')	[ "Fiscal Responsibility", "State Sovereignty", "Financial Stability" ]
CIV_IN_0039	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Disaster Management Funding	आपदा प्रबंधन (Disaster Management) के लिए फंड के आवंटन में राज्यों की आवश्यकताओं को पर्याप्त रूप से संबोधित किया जाना चाहिए।	The needs of the States must be adequately addressed in the allocation of funds for disaster management.	Disaster Management Act, 2005 / National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) Guidelines	Ministry of Home Affairs / NDMA	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/DM_act2005.pdf	[ "Public Safety", "Humanitarian Concern", "Collaborative Governance" ]
CIV_IN_0040	Federalism & Center-State Relations	All India Services	अखिल भारतीय सेवाओं (All India Services) को बनाए रखने से केंद्र और राज्यों दोनों में प्रशासन में एकरूपता (uniformity) सुनिश्चित होती है।	Maintaining the All India Services ensures uniformity in administration in both the Centre and the States.	Constitutional Provision (Article 312) / UPSC Documents	UPSC / DoPT	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	(Search for 'Constitution of India Article 312 All India Services')	[ "Administrative Integration", "Service Efficiency", "National Cohesion" ]
CIV_IN_0041	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council	जीएसटी कौन्सिल (GST Council) ही राज्यांच्या वित्तीय सार्वभौमत्वावर (fiscal sovereignty) परिणाम करणारी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण सहकारी संघराज्यात्मक (cooperative federal) संस्था आहे।	The GST Council is a significant cooperative federal institution affecting the fiscal sovereignty of the States.	Constitutional Amendment (101st) / GST Council Proceedings	GST Council Secretariat	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://gstcouncil.gov.in/	[ "Fiscal Federalism", "Policy Consensus", "Tax Harmonization" ]
CIV_IN_0042	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Planning vs. Finance Commission	नीती आयोग (Planning) के आगमन के साथ केंद्र द्वारा राज्यों को धन के हस्तांतरण में वित्त आयोग (Finance Commission) की भूमिका अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हो गई है।	With the arrival of NITI Aayog, the role of the Finance Commission in the transfer of funds from the Centre to the States has become more critical.	Finance Commission Reports / NITI Aayog Formation Documents	NITI Aayog / Finance Commission of India	Government/Advisory	Hindi	National	https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/RoleofFCvisavisPlanningCommission_1.pdf	[ "Fiscal Policy", "Separation of Functions", "Financial Autonomy" ]
CIV_IN_0043	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Rajya Sabha's Role (Article 249)	రాజ్యసభ (Rajya Sabha) తీర్మానం ద్వారా, జాతీయ ప్రయోజనాల దృష్ట్యా రాష్ట్ర జాబితాలోని అంశాలపై చట్టాలను రూపొందించడానికి పార్లమెంటుకు అధికారం లభిస్తుంది।	A resolution by the Rajya Sabha empowers the Parliament to legislate on subjects in the State List in the national interest.	Constitutional Provision (Article 249)	Parliament of India	Government/Regulatory	Telugu	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1714030/	[ "Legislative Power", "Bicameralism", "Central Override" ]
CIV_IN_0044	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Cooperative Federalism vs. Competitive Federalism	केंद्र-राज्य संबंधात 'सहकारी संघराज्य' (Cooperative Federalism) तत्त्वाची अंमलबजावणी 'स्पर्धात्मक संघराज्या'पेक्षा (Competitive Federalism) अधिक स्थिर आहे।	The implementation of the principle of 'Cooperative Federalism' is more stable than 'Competitive Federalism' in Centre-State relations.	Academic Research / Policy Documents (NITI Aayog)	Policy Think Tanks / Academia	Academic/Policy	Marathi	National	https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-12/Concept_Note_Coop_Fed_1.pdf	[ "Stability", "National Development", "Policy Coordination" ]
CIV_IN_0045	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Allocation of Union Taxes to States	केंद्रीय करांमध्ये (Union Taxes) राज्यांचा हिस्सा घटनेच्या (Constitution) आणि वित्त आयोगाच्या शिफारशीनुसार निश्चित केला जातो।	The share of States in Union taxes is determined by the Constitution and the recommendations of the Finance Commission.	Constitutional Provision (Article 270) / Finance Commission Reports	Finance Commission of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/fincom15/Reports/XVFC%20Report%20English.pdf	[ "Tax Devolution", "Resource Allocation", "Fiscal Equity" ]
CIV_IN_0046	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Central Grants-in-Aid (Article 275)	केंद्र सरकार राज्यों को विशेष जरूरतों (special needs) के लिए सहायता अनुदान (Grants-in-Aid) प्रदान कर सकती है, जो संवैधानिक रूप से अनिवार्य है।	The Central government can provide Grants-in-Aid to the States for special needs, which is constitutionally mandated.	Constitutional Provision (Article 275)	Ministry of Finance	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1359781/	[ "Welfare State", "Developmental Support", "Regional Balance" ]
CIV_IN_0047	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Creation of New States	नए राज्यों के निर्माण (creation of new States) और मौजूदा राज्यों की सीमाओं में बदलाव की शक्ति पूरी तरह से संसद (Parliament) के पास है।	The power to create new States and alter the boundaries of existing States rests solely with the Parliament.	Constitutional Provision (Article 3)	Parliament of India	Government/Regulatory	Hindi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458882/	[ "Territorial Integrity", "National Unity", "Legislative Authority" ]
CIV_IN_0048	Federalism & Center-State Relations	National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC)	राष्ट्रीय आतंकवाद निरोधी केंद्र (NCTC) की स्थापना पर राज्यों की आपत्ति है, क्योंकि यह उनके पुलिस (कानून व्यवस्था) क्षेत्राधिकार (jurisdiction) का उल्लंघन करता है।	States object to the establishment of the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC) as it infringes upon their police (law and order) jurisdiction.	MHA Documents / State Chief Minister's Conferences	State Governments / Ministry of Home Affairs	Political/Administrative	Hindi	National	(Search for 'NCTC State Opposition Federalism')	[ "Law and Order", "State Sovereignty", "National Security" ]
CIV_IN_0049	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)	కేంద్ర ప్రాయోజిత పథకాలు (Centrally Sponsored Schemes) రాష్ట్రాల ఖర్చు ప్రాధాన్యతలను నిర్ణయించడంలో కేంద్రం యొక్క అధిక ప్రభావాన్ని (overreach) సూచిస్తాయి।	Centrally Sponsored Schemes represent the Centre's overreach in determining the expenditure priorities of the States.	Punchhi Commission Report / State Policy Papers	M.M. Punchhi Commission (2010)	Government/Advisory	Telugu	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1841369/	[ "Policy Autonomy", "Financial Flexibility", "Developmental Planning" ]
CIV_IN_0050	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Residency/Domicile in Public Employment	सार्वजनिक रोजगारात (public employment) अधिवासावर आधारित (domicile-based) आरक्षण (Article 16(3)) संसदेने कायद्याद्वारे केले तरच ते घटनात्मकदृष्ट्या वैध (constitutionally valid) आहे।	Reservation based on domicile in public employment is constitutionally valid only if made by Parliament through law.	Constitutional Provision (Article 16(3)) / Supreme Court Interpretation	Supreme Court of India / Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/737409/	[ "Equal Opportunity", "National Integration", "Legislative Restriction" ]
CIV_IN_0051	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Disputes over Concurrent List Legislation	समवर्ती सूचीतील (Concurrent List) विषयावर केंद्र आणि राज्यांनी केलेल्या कायद्यांमध्ये संघर्ष (conflict) निर्माण झाल्यास, संसदेने केलेला कायदाच प्रभावी ठरतो (prevails) (Article 254).	In case of a conflict between a Central law and a State law on a subject in the Concurrent List, the law made by Parliament shall prevail (Article 254).	Constitutional Provision (Article 254)	Supreme Court of India / Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1715011/	[ "Union Supremacy", "Cooperative Federalism", "Legislative Conflict Resolution" ]
CIV_IN_0052	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Inter-State Water Disputes Adjudication	आंतरराज्यीय नदी पाणी विवादांचे (inter-state river water disputes) निराकरण (adjudication) करण्यासाठी कायद्याद्वारे न्यायाधिकरणे (Tribunals) स्थापन करण्याचा अधिकार केवळ संसदेला आहे (Article 262).	Only Parliament has the power to establish tribunals by law for the adjudication of inter-state river water disputes (Article 262).	Constitutional Provision (Article 262)	Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1414442/	[ "Resource Sharing", "Judicial Exclusion", "Parliamentary Authority" ]
CIV_IN_0053	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Supreme Court Jurisdiction on Water Disputes	आंतरराज्यीय जल विवादांसंबंधी (inter-state water disputes) सर्वोच्च न्यायालय (Supreme Court) किंवा इतर कोणत्याही न्यायालयाचे कार्यक्षेत्र (jurisdiction) कायद्याद्वारे वगळण्याचा (exclude) अधिकार संसदेला आहे (Article 262(2)).	Parliament has the power to exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or any other court over inter-state water disputes by law (Article 262(2)).	Constitutional Provision (Article 262(2))	Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1414442/	[ "Parliamentary Override", "Specific Exemption", "Federal Dispute Mechanism" ]
CIV_IN_0054	Federalism & Center-State Relations	President's Rule and Judicial Review	S.R. बोम्मई प्रकरणातील (S.R. Bommai case) सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाच्या निर्णयानुसार, राज्यामध्ये 'राष्ट्रपती राजवट' (President's Rule - Article 356) लागू करण्याच्या घोषणेचे न्यायालयीन पुनरावलोकन (Judicial Review) केले जाऊ शकते।	According to the Supreme Court's decision in the S.R. Bommai case, the proclamation of 'President's Rule' (Article 356) in a state is subject to Judicial Review.	Landmark Supreme Court Judgment (S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, 1994)	Supreme Court of India	Judicial	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/125586/	[ "Judicial Activism", "Preventing Misuse", "Federal Balance" ]
CIV_IN_0055	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Governor's Role and Discretion	राज्याच्या विधेयकांवर (Bills) स्वाक्षरी (assent) देण्यास राज्यपालाने (Governor) विलंब करणे (delay) किंवा ते राष्ट्रपतींच्या विचारार्थ (for President's consideration) राखून ठेवणे (reserving), हे केंद्र-राज्य संबंधांमधील तणावाचे (tension) प्रमुख कारण आहे।	The delay by the Governor in giving assent to State Bills or reserving them for the President's consideration is a major source of tension in Centre-State relations.	Supreme Court Observations / Political Analysis	Law Commission / Sarkaria Commission	Policy/Advisory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/48147854/	[ "Governor's Misuse", "Federal Conflict", "Constitutional Propriety" ]
CIV_IN_0056	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Creation of New States	एखाद्या राज्याच्या क्षेत्रामध्ये (area), सीमांमध्ये (boundaries) किंवा नावामध्ये बदल (change in name) करण्यासाठी संसदेला राज्याच्या विधानमंडळाचे (State Legislature) मत विचारात घेणे बंधनकारक (obligatory) आहे, परंतु ते मत स्वीकारणे बंधनकारक नाही (Article 3)।	Parliament is obliged to ascertain the views of the State Legislature before altering the area, boundaries, or name of a State (Article 3), but it is not bound to accept those views.	Constitutional Provision (Article 3)	Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/699861/	[ "Flexible Federalism", "Union's Power", "Territorial Integrity" ]
CIV_IN_0057	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Inter-State Council	केंद्र-राज्यांमध्ये आणि राज्या-राज्यांमध्ये समन्वय (coordination) साधण्यासाठी 'आंतरराज्यीय परिषद' (Inter-State Council) स्थापन करण्याची तरतूद (provision) राज्यघटनेत आहे (Article 263)।	The Constitution provides for the establishment of an 'Inter-State Council' to promote coordination between the Centre and the States and among the States themselves (Article 263).	Constitutional Provision (Article 263)	Inter-State Council Secretariat	Government/Statutory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1707534/	[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Conflict Resolution", "Consultative Mechanism" ]
CIV_IN_0058	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Taxation and Financial Relations	विक्री करावर (sales tax) राज्यांचे अनियंत्रित नियंत्रण (unfettered control) असण्यामुळे केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये वित्तीय (fiscal) तणाव (tension) निर्माण होत होता, जो GST लागू झाल्यानंतर संपुष्टात आला।	The unfettered control of states over sales tax was a source of fiscal tension between the Centre and States, which ended after the implementation of GST.	Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation / Constitutional Amendment	GST Council / Finance Commission	Government/Fiscal	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/81617267/	[ "Fiscal Federalism", "Centralisation of Tax", "Shared Sovereignty" ]
CIV_IN_0059	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Finance Commission	केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये महसुलाचे वाटप (distribution of revenue) करण्यासाठी 'वित्त आयोगाची' (Finance Commission) स्थापना केली जाते, जेणेकरून वित्तीय संतुलन (fiscal balance) राखता येईल (Article 280)।	The 'Finance Commission' is established to recommend the distribution of revenues between the Centre and the States, in order to maintain fiscal balance (Article 280).	Constitutional Provision (Article 280)	Finance Commission	Government/Statutory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/801826/	[ "Fiscal Federalism", "Revenue Sharing", "Vertical Equity" ]
CIV_IN_0060	Federalism & Center-State Relations	All India Services	अखिल भारतीय सेवा (All India Services) (IAS, IPS, IFS) केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये दुवा (link) म्हणून कार्य करतात, परंतु त्यांच्यावर केंद्र सरकारचे अंतिम नियंत्रण (ultimate control) असल्यामुळे राज्यांकडून त्यावर टीका केली जाते।	The All India Services (IAS, IPS, IFS) act as a link between the Centre and the States, but they are criticized by the States due to the ultimate control exercised by the Central Government.	Article 312 / Administrative Analysis	Administrative Reforms Commission / UPSC	Policy/Administrative	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1715011/	[ "Central Control", "Administrative Unity", "Federal Friction" ]
CIV_IN_0061	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Rajya Sabha and State List	राज्यसभेने (Rajya Sabha) दोन-तृतीयांश बहुमताने (two-thirds majority) ठराव (resolution) पास केल्यास, संसदेला तात्पुरत्या काळासाठी (temporarily) राज्यांसाठी कायदे (laws) करण्याचा अधिकार मिळतो (Article 249).	If the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with a two-thirds majority, Parliament acquires the power to make laws for the states temporarily (Article 249).	Constitutional Provision (Article 249)	Parliament of India	Government/Legislative	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1529176/	[ "Union Override", "National Interest", "Federalism in Emergencies" ]
CIV_IN_0062	Federalism & Center-State Relations	National Emergency and Federal Structure	राष्ट्रीय आणीबाणीच्या (National Emergency - Article 352) काळात, केंद्र सरकार संपूर्णपणे राज्यांच्या कार्यकारी (executive) आणि वैधानिक (legislative) अधिकारांवर नियंत्रण ठेवू शकते, ज्यामुळे संघराज्य रचना (federal structure) एकात्मक (unitary) बनते.	During a National Emergency (Article 352), the Central Government can assume complete control over the executive and legislative powers of the States, rendering the federal structure unitary.	Constitutional Provision (Article 352)	Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1359648/	[ "Unitary Tilt", "Crisis Management", "Union Supremacy" ]
CIV_IN_0063	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Planning Commission/NITI Aayog	नियोजनाच्या (planning) माध्यमातून केंद्र सरकार राज्यांवर प्रचंड वित्तीय नियंत्रण (immense financial control) ठेवते, ज्यामुळे राज्यांचे स्वातंत्र्य (autonomy) मर्यादित होते; NITI आयोगाने ते अंशतः कमी केले आहे.	The Central Government exerts immense financial control over the States through planning, limiting State autonomy; NITI Aayog has partially reduced this.	Administrative and Financial Analysis	NITI Aayog	Policy/Advisory	Marathi	National	https://niti.gov.in/	[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Asymmetric Power", "Centralised Planning" ]
CIV_IN_0064	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Financial Emergency	वित्तीय आणीबाणीच्या (Financial Emergency - Article 360) घोषणेदरम्यान, केंद्र सरकार राज्यांच्या आर्थिक धोरणांवर (financial policies) आणि खर्चावर (expenditure) थेट नियंत्रण ठेवू शकते.	During the proclamation of a Financial Emergency (Article 360), the Central Government can assume direct control over the financial policies and expenditure of the States.	Constitutional Provision (Article 360)	Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Unitary Response", "Fiscal Stability", "Central Control" ]
CIV_IN_0065	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Borrowing Powers	केंद्र सरकारची हमी (guarantee) असल्याशिवाय राज्यांना देशाबाहेरून (outside India) कर्ज (borrow) घेण्याचा अधिकार नाही, ज्यामुळे राज्यांची वित्तीय स्वायत्तता (fiscal autonomy) मर्यादित होते (Article 293).	States do not have the power to borrow from outside India without the guarantee of the Central Government, which limits the fiscal autonomy of the states (Article 293).	Constitutional Provision (Article 293)	Finance Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1512809/	[ "Central Veto", "Financial Discipline", "Federal Restriction" ]
CIV_IN_0066	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Delegation of Functions	राष्ट्रपतींच्या संमतीने (consent) केंद्र सरकार राज्याच्या कार्यकारी कार्यांचे (executive functions) राज्याला सोपवणूकीची (delegation) व्यवस्था करू शकते, जे सहकारी संघराज्याचे (cooperative federalism) प्रतीक आहे (Article 258).	The Central Government can, with the consent of the Governor, arrange for the delegation of its executive functions to the State, which is a symbol of cooperative federalism (Article 258).	Constitutional Provision (Article 258)	Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/765089/	[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Mutual Delegation", "Executive Harmony" ]
CIV_IN_0067	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Zonal Councils	आंतरराज्यीय सहकार्य (inter-state cooperation) वाढवण्यासाठी आणि प्रादेशिक (regional) समस्यांचे निराकरण करण्यासाठी 'प्रादेशिक परिषदांची' (Zonal Councils) स्थापना वैधानिक कायद्याद्वारे (statutory law) करण्यात आली आहे.	'Zonal Councils' were established by a statutory law to foster inter-state cooperation and resolve regional problems (States Reorganisation Act, 1956).	States Reorganisation Act, 1956	Ministry of Home Affairs	Government/Statutory	Marathi	National	https://www.mha.gov.in/en/division_of_mha/inter-state-council-secretariat	[ "Regional Coordination", "Cooperative Federalism", "Non-Constitutional Body" ]
CIV_IN_0068	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Grants-in-Aid	केंद्र सरकार राज्यांना त्यांच्या महसुली गरजा (revenue needs) पूर्ण करण्यासाठी 'सहाय्यक अनुदाने' (Grants-in-Aid) देऊ शकते, ज्यामुळे वित्तीय संबंधात केंद्र सरकारचे वर्चस्व (dominance) वाढते (Article 275).	The Central Government can provide 'Grants-in-Aid' to States to meet their revenue needs, which increases the Centre's dominance in fiscal relations (Article 275).	Constitutional Provision (Article 275)	Finance Commission	Government/Fiscal	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1063673/	[ "Central Influence", "Fiscal Federalism", "Conditional Assistance" ]
CIV_IN_0069	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Immunity from Taxation	केंद्र सरकार राज्याच्या मालमत्तेवर (property) किंवा उत्पन्नावर (income) कोणताही कर (tax) लादू शकत नाही, तसेच राज्य सरकार केंद्राच्या मालमत्तेवर कर लादू शकत नाही, ज्यामुळे वित्तीय स्वायत्तता (fiscal autonomy) सुनिश्चित होते (Article 285 & 289).	The Central Government cannot impose any tax on the property or income of a State, nor can a State Government tax the Centre's property, ensuring fiscal immunity (Article 285 & 289).	Constitutional Provision (Article 285 & 289)	Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Fiscal Immunity", "Federal Separation", "Financial Autonomy" ]
CIV_IN_0070	Federalism & Center-State Relations	Resolution by States (Article 252)	दोन किंवा अधिक राज्यांनी ठराव (resolution) पास केल्यास, संसदेला राज्यांसाठी (State List) असलेल्या विषयांवर कायदे (laws) करण्याचा अधिकार मिळतो, परंतु तो कायदा फक्त त्या ठराव करणाऱ्या राज्यांसाठीच लागू होतो (Article 252).	If two or more States pass a resolution, Parliament gets the power to make laws on State List subjects for those States, but the law only applies to the resolving States (Article 252).	Constitutional Provision (Article 252)	Law Ministry / Parliament of India	Government/Legislative	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1529176/	[ "Voluntary Centralisation", "State Consent", "Legislative Cooperation" ]
CIV_IN_0071	Digital Governance & Privacy	Right to Privacy as a Fundamental Right	के.एस. पुट्टस्वामी प्रकरणात (K.S. Puttaswamy case), सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाने 'खाजगीपणाचा अधिकार' (Right to Privacy) हा घटनेच्या अनुच्छेद 21 अंतर्गत मूलभूत अधिकार (Fundamental Right) म्हणून घोषित केला.	In the K.S. Puttaswamy case, the Supreme Court declared the 'Right to Privacy' as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the Constitution.	Landmark Supreme Court Judgment (K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017)	Supreme Court of India	Judicial	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/12691523/	[ "Fundamental Right", "Judicial Activism", "Constitutional Morality" ]
CIV_IN_0072	Digital Governance & Privacy	Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023	डिजिटल वैयक्तिक डेटा संरक्षण कायदा, 2023 (DPDP Act) हा 'डेटा विश्वस्त' (Data Fiduciary) आणि 'डेटा प्रधान' (Data Principal) यांच्या भूमिका आणि जबाबदाऱ्या निश्चित करून डेटा संरक्षणासाठी एक कायदेशीर चौकट प्रदान करतो.	The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 provides a legal framework for data protection by defining the roles and responsibilities of 'Data Fiduciary' and 'Data Principal'.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023)	Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Data Sovereignty", "Accountability", "Consent-based Processing" ]
CIV_IN_0073	Digital Governance & Privacy	Data Fiduciary Obligation (DPDP Act)	DPDP कायद्यानुसार, 'डेटा विश्वस्ताने' (Data Fiduciary) डेटा प्रक्रियेपूर्वी 'डेटा प्रधाना'ची (Data Principal) मुक्त, विशिष्ट, माहितीपूर्ण आणि बिनशर्त संमती (free, specific, informed, and unconditional consent) घेणे बंधनकारक आहे.	Under the DPDP Act, a 'Data Fiduciary' is obligated to obtain free, specific, informed, and unconditional consent from the 'Data Principal' before processing data.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Informed Consent", "Data Minimization", "Transparency" ]
CIV_IN_0074	Digital Governance & Privacy	Aadhaar and Privacy	आधार (Aadhaar) कायद्यानुसार, नागरिकांची बायोमेट्रिक माहिती (biometric information) सामायिक करण्यास किंवा सार्वजनिक करण्यास (sharing or publicizing) सक्त मनाई आहे, ज्यामुळे तिचे संरक्षण सुनिश्चित होते.	Under the Aadhaar Act, the sharing or publicizing of a citizen's biometric information is strictly prohibited, ensuring its protection.	Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016	UIDAI	Government/Statutory	Marathi	National	https://uidai.gov.in/en/my-aadhaar/about-your-aadhaar/features-of-aadhaar.html	[ "Identity Security", "Biometric Protection", "Targeted Delivery" ]
CIV_IN_0075	Digital Governance & Privacy	IT Act, 2000 and Cybercrime	माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायदा, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) च्या कलम 43A अंतर्गत, डेटा सुरक्षित करण्यात अयशस्वी झाल्यास (failure to secure data) नुकसानभरपाई (compensation) देण्याची तरतूद आहे, ज्यामुळे कंपन्यांवर सायबर सुरक्षेची जबाबदारी निश्चित होते.	Section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides for compensation for failure to secure data, establishing accountability for companies regarding cybersecurity.	Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Corporate Accountability", "Data Breach Penalty", "Cyber Law Enforcement" ]
CIV_IN_0076	Digital Governance & Privacy	Intermediary Liability and Due Diligence	माहिती तंत्रज्ञान (इंटरमीडियरी मार्गदर्शक तत्त्वे आणि डिजिटल मीडिया आचारसंहिता) नियम, 2021 (IT Rules, 2021) सोशल मीडिया मध्यस्थांवर (intermediaries) वापरकर्त्याच्या तक्रारींचे निवारण (grievance redressal) आणि 'योग्य परिश्रम' (due diligence) करण्याची जबाबदारी टाकतात.	The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 impose obligations on social media intermediaries for user grievance redressal and 'due diligence'.	Statutory Rules (IT Rules, 2021)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/content/it-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021	[ "Intermediary Accountability", "Content Moderation", "Grievance Redressal" ]
CIV_IN_0077	Digital Governance & Privacy	Sovereign Function and Data Access	राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा (national security), कायदा व सुव्यवस्था (law and order) किंवा सार्वजनिक आरोग्याच्या (public health) कारणास्तव केंद्र सरकारला डेटा (Data) प्रतिबंधित (restricted) परिस्थितीत प्रक्रिया करण्याचा अधिकार आहे (DPDP Act Exception).	The Central Government has the right to process Data in restricted circumstances for reasons of national security, law and order, or public health (DPDP Act Exception).	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Exceptions)	Ministry of Home Affairs / Law Ministry	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "State Prerogative", "Public Interest", "Consent Exemption" ]
CIV_IN_0078	Digital Governance & Privacy	Data Localization Debate	भारत सरकारने संवेदनशील (sensitive) ग्राहक डेटा देशातच साठवण्यासाठी (data localization) केलेल्या आग्रहामुळे बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपन्या (MNCs) आणि जागतिक व्यापार संस्थांशी (WTO) संघर्ष निर्माण झाला आहे.	The Government of India's insistence on storing sensitive consumer data locally (data localization) has created conflicts with multinational companies (MNCs) and global trade bodies (WTO).	Policy Directives (RBI, MeitY) / Trade Disputes	Reserve Bank of India (RBI) / MeitY	Government/Policy	Marathi	National	https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=11244&Mode=0	[ "Digital Sovereignty", "Trade Barrier", "Cross-Border Data Flow" ]
CIV_IN_0079	Digital Governance & Privacy	Cyber Security Response	'इंडियन कॉम्प्युटर इमर्जन्सी रिस्पॉन्स टीम' (CERT-In) ही सायबर सुरक्षेच्या घटना (incidents) हाताळण्यासाठी आणि राष्ट्रीय सायबर सुरक्षेची धोक्यांची (threats) माहिती देण्यासाठी असलेली राष्ट्रीय नोडल एजन्सी (nodal agency) आहे.	The 'Indian Computer Emergency Response Team' (CERT-In) is the national nodal agency for handling cybersecurity incidents and providing information on national cyber threats.	IT Act, 2000 (Section 70B)	CERT-In, MeitY	Government/Statutory	Marathi	National	https://www.cert-in.org.in/	[ "Cyber Security", "Incident Response", "National Defense" ]
CIV_IN_0080	Digital Governance & Privacy	Blocking of Information (IT Act)	माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायदा, 2000 च्या कलम 69A नुसार, सार्वजनिक ऑर्डर (public order), भारताचे सार्वभौमत्व (sovereignty) किंवा राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षेच्या (national security) हितासाठी सरकारला ऑनलाइन माहिती ब्लॉक (blocking) करण्याचा अधिकार आहे.	Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000 grants the Government the power to block online information in the interest of public order, India's sovereignty, or national security.	Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Section 69A)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Censorship", "State Control", "Public Safety" ]
CIV_IN_0081	Digital Governance & Privacy	Data Protection Board	डिजिटल वैयक्तिक डेटा संरक्षण कायद्याच्या (DPDP Act) अंमलबजावणीसाठी (enforcement) आणि कायद्याचे उल्लंघन झाल्यास दंड (penalties) लावण्यासाठी 'डेटा संरक्षण मंडळाची' (Data Protection Board) स्थापना केली जाईल.	The 'Data Protection Board' will be established for the enforcement of the DPDP Act and to impose penalties for violations of the law.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Regulatory Body", "Enforcement Mechanism", "Grievance Resolution" ]
CIV_IN_0082	Digital Governance & Privacy	Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)	आधार (Aadhaar), यूपीआय (UPI) आणि डिजी लॉकर (DigiLocker) हे भारतातील 'डिजिटल सार्वजनिक पायाभूत सुविधां'चे (DPI) प्रमुख घटक आहेत, जे नागरिक-केंद्रित सेवांचा आधार आहेत.	Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker are key components of 'Digital Public Infrastructure' (DPI) in India, which serve as the foundation for citizen-centric services.	Government Policy/NITI Aayog	NITI Aayog / MeitY	Government/Policy	Marathi	National	https://niti.gov.in/	[ "Financial Inclusion", "Digital Identity", "E-Governance" ]
CIV_IN_0083	Digital Governance & Privacy	Withdrawal of Consent (DPDP Act)	डेटा प्रधानाला (Data Principal) कोणत्याही क्षणी, त्याच्या वैयक्तिक डेटावर प्रक्रिया करण्याची संमती (consent) मागे घेण्याचा (withdraw) अधिकार आहे, ज्यामुळे त्याचे डेटावरील नियंत्रण कायम राहते.	The Data Principal has the right to withdraw consent to the processing of their personal data at any time, maintaining their control over the data.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Right of Data Principal)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Data Autonomy", "Data Principal Rights", "Revocability" ]
CIV_IN_0084	Digital Governance & Privacy	Cyber Terrorism	आयटी कायदा, 2000 चे कलम 66F सायबर दहशतवादाशी (Cyber Terrorism) संबंधित गुन्ह्यांसाठी (offences) कठोर शिक्षेची (punishment) तरतूद करते, ज्यामुळे महत्त्वपूर्ण पायाभूत सुविधांचे (critical infrastructure) संरक्षण होते.	Section 66F of the IT Act, 2000 provides for severe punishment for offenses related to Cyber Terrorism, protecting critical infrastructure.	Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Section 66F)	Ministry of Home Affairs	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "National Security", "Cyber Crime", "Deterrence" ]
CIV_IN_0085	Digital Governance & Privacy	Right to Correction and Erasure	DPDP कायद्यांतर्गत डेटा प्रधानाला (Data Principal) त्याच्या वैयक्तिक डेटाची दुरुस्ती (correction), पूर्तता (completion), अद्ययावतीकरण (updation) किंवा पुसून टाकण्याची (erasure) मागणी करण्याचा अधिकार आहे.	Under the DPDP Act, the Data Principal has the right to demand the correction, completion, updation, or erasure of their personal data.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Right of Data Principal)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Data Accuracy", "Right to Forget (Partial)", "Data Control" ]
CIV_IN_0086	Digital Governance & Privacy	Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CAT)	माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायद्यातील (IT Act) तरतुदींचे उल्लंघन (contravention) झाल्यास 'सायबर अपील न्यायाधिकरणा'कडे (Cyber Appellate Tribunal) अपील (appeal) करण्याची तरतूद आहे, जे सायबर विवादांचे न्यायिक निराकरण करते.	The IT Act provides for an appeal to the 'Cyber Appellate Tribunal' (CAT) against contraventions of its provisions, ensuring judicial resolution of cyber disputes.	Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Chapter X)	Law Ministry	Judicial/Statutory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Specialized Judiciary", "Legal Recourse", "Cyber Law Enforcement" ]
CIV_IN_0087	Digital Governance & Privacy	Digital Signatures/Electronic Records	आयटी कायदा, 2000 (IT Act) नुसार इलेक्ट्रॉनिक नोंदी (electronic records) आणि डिजिटल स्वाक्षऱ्या (digital signatures) यांना कागदी दस्तऐवजांइतकीच (paper documents) कायदेशीर मान्यता (legal recognition) प्राप्त आहे.	According to the IT Act, 2000, electronic records and digital signatures have the same legal recognition as paper documents.	Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Section 4 & 5)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Legal Validity", "E-Governance", "Digital Inclusion" ]
CIV_IN_0088	Digital Governance & Privacy	Data Breach Notification	DPDP कायद्यानुसार, 'डेटा विश्वस्ताने' (Data Fiduciary) डेटा उल्लंघनाची (data breach) माहिती तातडीने (without delay) 'डेटा संरक्षण मंडळाला' (Data Protection Board) देणे बंधनकारक आहे.	Under the DPDP Act, a 'Data Fiduciary' is obligated to notify the 'Data Protection Board' of a data breach without undue delay.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Breach Notification)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Transparency", "Risk Mitigation", "Regulatory Reporting" ]
CIV_IN_0089	Digital Governance & Privacy	Protection of Children's Data	DPDP कायद्यात मुलांच्या वैयक्तिक डेटावर (personal data of children) प्रक्रिया करण्यासाठी 'सत्यापित पालकांची संमती' (verifiable parental consent) आणि त्यांच्या सर्वोत्तम हितासाठी (best interest) विशेष संरक्षण (special protection) देण्याची तरतूद आहे.	The DPDP Act provides special protection for children's personal data, mandating 'verifiable parental consent' and processing only in their best interest.	Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Children's Data)	MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf	[ "Child Safety", "Data Governance", "Parental Consent" ]
CIV_IN_0090	Digital Governance & Privacy	Information Technology Act, 2000 (General)	माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायदा, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) हा भारतात इलेक्ट्रॉनिक व्यवहारांना (electronic transactions) कायदेशीर चौकट (legal framework) प्रदान करणारा आणि सायबर गुन्हेगारीला (cyber criminality) प्रतिबंध करणारा प्राथमिक कायदा आहे.	The Information Technology Act, 2000 is the primary law in India that provides a legal framework for electronic transactions and penalizes cyber criminality.	Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000)	Law Ministry / MeitY	Government/Regulatory	Marathi	National	https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/	[ "Enabling Law", "Digital Commerce", "Cyber Security" ]
CIV_IN_0091	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Financial Inclusion	प्रधानमंत्री जन धन योजना (PMJDY) के तहत, देश के प्रत्येक परिवार को कम से कम एक बुनियादी बैंक खाता प्रदान करके वित्तीय समावेशन का लक्ष्य रखा गया है।	Under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the aim is to achieve financial inclusion by providing at least one basic bank account to every household in the country.	Ministry of Finance - Department of Financial Services	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://pmjdy.gov.in/	[ "Financial Inclusion", "Banking Services", "Direct Benefit Transfer" ]
CIV_IN_0092	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Food Security	राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम (NFSA), 2013 पात्र परिवारों को अत्यधिक रियायती दरों पर खाद्यान्न प्राप्त करने का कानूनी अधिकार प्रदान करता है।	The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 grants a legal right to eligible families to receive food grains at highly subsidized rates.	Department of Food and Public Distribution	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://dfpd.gov.in/	[ "Food Grains", "Subsidy", "Public Distribution System" ]
CIV_IN_0093	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Health Assurance	आयुष्मान भारत - प्रधानमंत्री जन आरोग्य योजना (AB-PMJAY) प्रति परिवार, प्रति वर्ष ₹5 लाख का स्वास्थ्य कवर प्रदान करती है।	Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) provides a health cover of ₹5 lakh per family per year.	National Health Authority (NHA)	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://pmjay.gov.in/	[ "Health Insurance", "Tertiary Care", "Vulnerable Families" ]
CIV_IN_0094	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Housing	प्रधानमंत्री आवास योजना (PMAY) का उद्देश्य 2024 तक ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों में पात्र परिवारों को पक्के घर उपलब्ध कराना है।	The objective of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is to provide 'Pucca' houses to eligible families in rural and urban areas by 2024.	Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs / Ministry of Rural Development	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://pmaymis.gov.in/	[ "Affordable Housing", "Rural Development", "Subsidy" ]
CIV_IN_0095	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Farmer Income Support	प्रधानमंत्री किसान सम्मान निधि (PM-KISAN) योजना में, सभी भूमिधारक किसान परिवारों को प्रति वर्ष ₹6,000/- की वित्तीय सहायता सीधे उनके बैंक खातों में दी जाती है।	Under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, all landholding farmer families receive an annual financial assistance of ₹6,000/- directly into their bank accounts.	Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://pmkisan.gov.in/	[ "Income Support", "Farmers", "DBT" ]
CIV_IN_0096	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Employment Guarantee	महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम (MGNREGA) ग्रामीण परिवारों को कम से कम 100 दिनों के अकुशल शारीरिक श्रम रोजगार की कानूनी गारंटी देता है।	The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) gives a legal guarantee of at least 100 days of unskilled manual work employment to rural households.	Ministry of Rural Development	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://nrega.nic.in/	[ "Rural Employment", "Livelihood Security", "Wage Employment" ]
CIV_IN_0097	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Clean Fuel/Subsidy	प्रधानमंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना (PMUY) के तहत, ग्रामीण और वंचित परिवारों की महिलाओं को मुफ्त एलपीजी (LPG) कनेक्शन दिया जाता है।	Under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), free LPG connections are provided to women from rural and deprived households.	Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://www.pmuy.gov.in/	[ "LPG Subsidy", "Clean Energy", "Women Empowerment" ]
CIV_IN_0098	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Social Security	अटल पेंशन योजना (APY) असंगठित क्षेत्र के श्रमिकों को 60 वर्ष की आयु के बाद ₹1,000 से ₹5,000 तक की निश्चित मासिक पेंशन मिलने की गारंटी देती है।	Atal Pension Yojana (APY) guarantees a fixed monthly pension ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 after 60 years of age for workers in the unorganized sector.	Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)	Government/Regulatory	Government	Hindi	National	https://www.pfrda.org.in/index.php?section=subMenu&show=377	[ "Pension", "Social Security", "Unorganized Sector" ]
CIV_IN_0099	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Insurance	प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा बीमा योजना (PMSBY) के तहत, केवल ₹20/- वार्षिक प्रीमियम पर ₹2 लाख का आकस्मिक मृत्यु और विकलांगता बीमा कवर मिलता है।	Under Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), accidental death and disability insurance cover of ₹2 lakh is provided for an annual premium of only ₹20/-.	Ministry of Finance - Department of Financial Services	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://jansuraksha.gov.in/	[ "Accident Insurance", "Low-Cost Premium", "Risk Protection" ]
CIV_IN_0100	Social Welfare & Subsidies	Life Insurance	प्रधानमंत्री जीवन ज्योति बीमा योजना (PMJJBY) के तहत, ₹436/- वार्षिक प्रीमियम का भुगतान करने पर ₹2 लाख का जीवन बीमा कवर प्रदान किया जाता है।	Under Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), a life insurance cover of ₹2 lakh is provided upon payment of an annual premium of ₹436/-.	Ministry of Finance - Department of Financial Services	Government of India	Government	Hindi	National	https://jansuraksha.gov.in/	[ "Life Insurance", "Affordable", "Risk Protection" ]

CIV_IN_0001

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

EWS Quota Validity

ईडब्ल्यूएस कोटा आरक्षण संविधान के मूल ढांचे का उल्लंघन नहीं करता है।

The EWS quota reservation does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.

Supreme Court Judgment (Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/

[ "Social Justice", "Economic Equality", "Constitutional Integrity" ]

CIV_IN_0002

Federalism & Center-State Relations

GST Compensation to States

केंद्राच्या जीएसटी सुधारणा प्रस्तावामुळे होणाऱ्या संभाव्य महसुली नुकसानीसाठी सर्व राज्यांना भरपाई हवी आहे।

All states require compensation for the potential revenue loss resulting from the Centre's GST reform proposal.

News Report / Opposition Statement

Opposition-ruled State Governments

Political Party/State Government

Marathi

Maharashtra

https://taxinformation.cbic.gov.in/content/html/tax_repository/gst/acts/2017_gst_compensation_to_states_act/documents/Goods_And_Services_Tax_(Compensation_To_States)_Act,_2017_19-January-2018.html

[ "Fiscal Autonomy", "Cooperative Federalism", "Economic Stability" ]

CIV_IN_0003

Minority Rights & Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

Uniform Civil Code (Article 44)

समान नागरिक संहिता लागू करना राज्य का दायित्व है।

The implementation of the Uniform Civil Code is the duty of the state.

Policy Document / Constitutional Law Analysis

Ministry of Law and Justice / Law Commission

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

*(Refer to the official text of Article 44 in the Constitution of India)*

[ "National Unity", "Gender Justice", "Rule of Law" ]

CIV_IN_0004

Digital Governance & Privacy

Data Principal Consent (DPDP Act)

डेटा प्रिन्सिपल की सहमति स्वतंत्र, विशिष्ट, सूचित और स्पष्ट सकारात्मक कार्रवाई के साथ होनी चाहिए।

The Data Principal's consent must be free, specific, informed, and unambiguous with a clear affirmative action.

Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Privacy Right", "Digital Security", "Citizen Empowerment" ]

CIV_IN_0005

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Fiscal Prudence vs. Freebies

ఉచిత హామీలు దేశ ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థను నాశనం చేయబోతున్నాయని సుప్రీంకోర్టు అభిప్రాయపడింది।

The Supreme Court opined that freebies are going to destroy the country's economy.

Supreme Court Observation/Petition (Revdi Culture)

Chief Justice of India (CJI)-led Bench

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National / Andhra Pradesh

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-suggests-setting-up-dispassionate-body-to-resolve-freebies-issue/article65720314.ece

[ "Fiscal Responsibility", "Welfare Mandate", "Economic Prudence" ]

CIV_IN_0006

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Exclusion of Creamy Layer

ओबीसी (OBC) आरक्षणातून 'क्रिमी लेयर'ला वगळण्याचा नियम लागू करणे आवश्यक आहे।

It is essential to apply the 'creamy layer' exclusion rule from the OBC (Other Backward Class) reservation.

Supreme Court Judgement (Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamy_layer

[ "Equality of Opportunity", "Social Justice", "Targeted Welfare" ]

CIV_IN_0007

Federalism & Center-State Relations

GST Council Decisions

जीएसटी परिषदेचे निर्णय राज्यांसाठी केवळ 'शिफारस' आहेत, ते बंधनकारक नाहीत।

The decisions of the GST Council are only a 'recommendation' to the states, not binding.

Supreme Court Judgement (Union of India v. Mohit Minerals Pvt. Ltd.)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

*(Search for 'Mohit Minerals GST SC judgement')*

[ "Federal Harmony", "Fiscal Autonomy", "Constitutional Balance" ]

CIV_IN_0008

Minority Rights & Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

Protection of Minority Language/Culture

भारत के किसी भी भाग के नागरिकों के किसी भी वर्ग को अपनी विशिष्ट भाषा, लिपि या संस्कृति बनाए रखने का अधिकार होगा।

Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.

Constitution of India, Article 29(1)

Constituent Assembly of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

*(Refer to the official text of Article 29 in the Constitution of India)*

[ "Cultural Pluralism", "Secularism", "Constitutional Right" ]

CIV_IN_0009

Digital Governance & Privacy

Social Media Due Diligence (IT Rules 2021)

सोशल मीडिया मध्यस्थों को अपनी साइट पर गैरकानूनी या आपत्तिजनक सामग्री को हटाने के लिए पर्याप्त 'ड्यू डिलिजेंस' का पालन करना चाहिए।

Social media intermediaries must adhere to adequate 'due diligence' to remove unlawful or objectionable content on their sites.

IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/10/9de47fb06522b9e40a61e4731bc7de51.pdf

[ "Online Safety", "Accountability", "Freedom of Expression (Subject to Reasonable Restrictions)" ]

CIV_IN_0010

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Targeted Welfare Schemes

सामाजिक आणि आर्थिक दृष्ट्या मागासलेल्या नागरिकांसाठी ‘लक्ष्य-आधारित’ कल्याणकारी योजना (targeted welfare schemes) आवश्यक आहेत।

Targeted welfare schemes are essential for socially and economically backward citizens.

Policy Think Tank Report / Government White Paper

NITI Aayog / Economic Advisory Council to the PM

Government/Advisory

Marathi

National

*(Search for 'NITI Aayog Targeted Welfare Schemes Report')*

[ "Equity", "Poverty Alleviation", "Sustainable Development" ]

CIV_IN_0011

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

50% Ceiling Limit

आरक्षण 50% की सीमा का उल्लंघन नहीं कर सकता, सिवाय असाधारण परिस्थितियों के।

Reservation cannot breach the 50% ceiling, except in extraordinary circumstances.

Supreme Court Judgement (Indra Sawhney v. Union of India)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India#Fifty_percent_cap

[ "Rule of Law", "Equal Opportunity", "Constitutional Balance" ]

CIV_IN_0012

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Reservation in Promotion

पदोन्नति में आरक्षण के लिए राज्य को 'पिछड़ापन' और 'अपर्याप्त प्रतिनिधित्व' के परिमाणात्मक डेटा (quantifiable data) का प्रदर्शन करना होगा।

For reservation in promotion, the State must demonstrate 'backwardness' and 'inadequacy of representation' using quantifiable data.

Supreme Court Judgement (M. Nagaraj v. Union of India / Jarnail Singh v. Lachhmi Narain Gupta)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

*(Search for 'M. Nagaraj quantifiable data reservation in promotion')*

[ "Administrative Efficiency", "Substantive Equality", "Judicial Review" ]

CIV_IN_0013

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Creamy Layer for SC/ST

अनुसूचित जाती आणि जमाती (SC/ST) आरक्षणासाठी क्रिमी लेयर (creamy layer) लागू करण्यावर सरकार आणि न्यायपालिका यांच्यात मतभेद आहेत।

There are differences of opinion between the government and the judiciary on applying the creamy layer for Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST) reservation.

News Report / Legal Analysis

Media / Legal Scholars

Media/Academic

Marathi

National

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamy_layer#Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes

[ "Social Mobility", "Welfare Targeting", "Constitutional Interpretation" ]

CIV_IN_0014

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Sub-Categorization within SC/ST/OBC

आरक्षणाचे फायदे अधिक मागासलेल्यांपर्यंत पोहोचवण्यासाठी अनुसूचित जाती/जमातींमध्ये उप-वर्गीकरण (sub-categorization) आवश्यक आहे।

Sub-categorization within Scheduled Castes/Tribes is necessary to ensure reservation benefits reach the most backward.

State Commission/High-Level Committee Report (e.g., Justice Rohini Commission for OBCs)

Government Commission/Panel

Government/Advisory

Marathi

National

*(Search for 'Justice Rohini Commission Report Sub-categorization OBC')*

[ "Equitable Distribution", "Inclusion", "Intra-Group Justice" ]

CIV_IN_0015

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Definition of 'Backwardness'

पिछड़ेपन का निर्धारण केवल आर्थिक मापदंडों पर नहीं किया जा सकता है; यह मुख्य रूप से सामाजिक और शैक्षिक होना चाहिए।

Backwardness cannot be determined solely on economic criteria; it must primarily be social and educational.

Constitutional Provision (Article 15(4) and 16(4)) / Supreme Court interpretation

Constituent Assembly of India / Supreme Court

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

*(Refer to the text of Article 15(4) and 16(4))*

[ "Historical Justice", "Social Equity", "Constitutional Intent" ]

CIV_IN_0016

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

EWS Criteria Re-evaluation

EWS కోటా కోసం వార్షిక ఆదాయ పరిమితిని రూ. 8 లక్షల వద్ద కొనసాగించడం న్యాయబద్ధతపై న్యాయపరమైన సమీక్ష (judicial review) అవసరం।

Judicial review is required on the fairness of continuing the annual income limit for EWS quota at ₹8 lakh.

Supreme Court Observation / Committee Report (e.g., Ajay Bhushan Pandey Committee)

Supreme Court / Government Committee

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National

*(Search for 'EWS 8 lakh income criteria judicial review')*

[ "Economic Justice", "Fairness", "Policy Review" ]

CIV_IN_0017

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Institutional Autonomy vs. Reservation

खाजगी, गैर-सहाय्यीकृत शैक्षणिक संस्थांमध्ये आरक्षण लागू करण्यामुळे त्यांच्या घटनात्मक 'स्वायत्तते'च्या (autonomy) अधिकाराला आव्हान दिले जाते।

Applying reservation in private, unaided educational institutions challenges their constitutional right to 'autonomy'.

Supreme Court Judgement (T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka / P.A. Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

*(Search for 'T.M.A. Pai P.A. Inamdar reservation in private unaided institutions')*

[ "Educational Freedom", "Social Inclusion", "Institutional Rights" ]

CIV_IN_0018

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Horizontal vs. Vertical Reservation

महिलाओं के लिए आरक्षण (क्षैतिज आरक्षण) सामाजिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्गों (ऊर्ध्वाधर आरक्षण) को प्रभावित किए बिना लागू किया जाना चाहिए।

Reservation for women (Horizontal Reservation) must be implemented without affecting the social backward class quotas (Vertical Reservation).

Supreme Court Judgement (Saurav Yadav v. State of UP)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

Uttar Pradesh / National

*(Search for 'Saurav Yadav v. State of UP Horizontal Reservation')*

[ "Gender Equality", "Caste Equity", "Proportional Representation" ]

CIV_IN_0019

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

The 'Extent' of Reservation (Total Quota)

రాష్ట్రంలో మొత్తం రిజర్వేషన్లు 50% మించరాదనే నిబంధన, EWS కోటా ప్రవేశంతో సడలించబడింది।

The rule that total reservations in the State should not exceed 50% has been relaxed with the introduction of the EWS quota.

Supreme Court Judgement (Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National

https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/

[ "Affirmative Action Scope", "Constitutional Amendment", "Judicial Interpretation" ]

CIV_IN_0020

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Exclusion of Merit Candidates (Mains/Final List)

आरक्षित श्रेणीतील उमेदवार त्यांच्या गुणवत्तेनुसार खुल्या प्रवर्गात (Open Category) निवडण्यास पात्र आहेत।

Candidates from the reserved category are entitled to be selected in the Open Category based on their merit.

Supreme Court Judgement (Union of India v. Satya Prakash)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

*(Search for 'Satya Prakash v. Union of India reservation merit open category')*

[ "Merit Principle", "Fair Competition", "Non-Discrimination" ]

CIV_IN_0021

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

EWS Criteria (General Category)

गरीब सवर्णों के लिए आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर वर्ग (EWS) कोटा, सामाजिक पिछड़ेपन पर आधारित पारंपरिक आरक्षण से अलग है।

The Economically Weaker Section (EWS) quota for the poor among the General Category is distinct from traditional reservation based on social backwardness.

Constitutional Amendment (103rd) / Supreme Court Interpretation

Parliament of India / Supreme Court

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://www.scobserver.in/cases/janhit-abhiyan-union-of-india-ews-reservation-case-background/

[ "Economic Justice", "Poverty Alleviation", "Equality of Status" ]

CIV_IN_0022

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Carry Forward Rule

आरक्षणाच्या 'बॅकलॉग' जागांसाठी 'कॅरी फॉरवर्ड' नियम 50% मर्यादा मोडू शकतो, पण तो न्यायसंगत (reasonable) असावा लागतो।

The 'Carry Forward' rule for reservation 'backlog' vacancies can breach the 50% limit, but it must remain reasonable.

Constitutional Amendment (81st) / Supreme Court Judgement

Parliament of India / Supreme Court

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-one-hundred-first-amendment-act-2016

[ "Adequate Representation", "Administrative Efficiency", "Affirmative Action Scope" ]

CIV_IN_0023

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Judicial Power to Define List

आरक्षित वर्गों की सूची (SC/ST/OBC list) में जातियों को जोड़ने या हटाने की शक्ति विधायिका के पास है, न्यायपालिका के पास नहीं।

The power to add or remove castes from the reserved lists (SC/ST/OBC list) rests with the legislature, not the judiciary.

Constitutional Amendment (105th) / Supreme Court Interpretation

Parliament of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-one-hundred-and-fifth-amendment-bill-2021

[ "Separation of Powers", "Legislative Authority", "Representative Governance" ]

CIV_IN_0024

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Reservation in Local Bodies

स्थानिक स्वराज्य संस्थांमध्ये (Local Bodies) आरक्षणासाठी ट्रिपल टेस्ट (triple test) अनिवार्य आहे।

The triple test is mandatory for reservation in Local Self-Government Institutions.

Supreme Court Judgement (Vikas Kishanrao Gawali v. State of Maharashtra)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National / Maharashtra

https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-triple-test-mandatory-obc-reservation-local-bodies-maharashtra-2023-233634

[ "Empowerment", "Data-Driven Policy", "Constitutional Requirement" ]

CIV_IN_0025

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Seniority in Promotion (Consequential Seniority)

आरक्षणामुळे पदोन्नती मिळालेल्या SC/ST उमेदवारांना त्यांच्या कनिष्ठ गैर-आरक्षित सहकाऱ्यांपेक्षा 'परिणामी ज्येष्ठता' (consequential seniority) मिळण्याचा अधिकार आहे।

SC/ST candidates promoted through reservation have the right to 'consequential seniority' over their junior non-reserved colleagues.

Constitutional Amendment (85th) / Supreme Court Judgement (Jarnail Singh)

Parliament of India / Supreme Court

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/01/30/sc-on-consequential-seniority-for-sc-st-employees-in-promotion/

[ "Career Progression", "Affirmative Action Efficacy", "Fairness in Service" ]

CIV_IN_0026

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Economic Criteria in OBC Reservation

ओबीसी आरक्षण में 'क्रीमी लेयर' को बाहर करने के लिए आय की सीमा (income limit) समय-समय पर संशोधित की जाती है।

The income limit for excluding the 'creamy layer' in OBC reservation is revised from time to time.

Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) Office Memoranda

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20income%20criteria%20Creamy%20Layer%20OM%20dt%2001.09.2017.pdf

[ "Social Engineering", "Dynamic Policy", "Welfare Targeting" ]

CIV_IN_0027

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Reservation in Super-Speciality Courses

మెడికల్ సూపర్ స్పెషాలిటీ కోర్సులలో (Super-speciality courses) రిజర్వేషన్లు మెరిట్ మరియు నాణ్యత (merit and quality) ప్రమాణాలకు విరుద్ధంగా ఉంటాయి।

Reservations in medical super-speciality courses often contradict the standards of merit and quality.

Supreme Court Judgement (Dr. Preeti Srivastava v. State of M.P.)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/779870/

[ "Excellence", "Public Health", "Meritocracy" ]

CIV_IN_0028

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Residency-Based Reservation

राज्यांतर्गत नोकऱ्यांमध्ये (State government jobs) अधिवासावर आधारित (domicile-based) आरक्षण लागू करण्याची राज्यांची शक्ती अनेकदा कायदेशीर छाननीच्या अधीन असते।

The power of States to implement domicile-based reservation in State government jobs is often subject to legal scrutiny.

Supreme Court Rulings on Domicile Reservation (e.g., Andhra Pradesh laws)

State Legislatures / Judiciary

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

Various States (e.g., Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand)

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-andhra-pradesh-order-on-100-reservation-for-tribals-teachers/article32231264.ece

[ "Regional Identity", "National Unity", "Equal Opportunity (Article 16)" ]

CIV_IN_0029

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Conversion of Reserved Vacancies

SC/ST रिक्तियों को सामान्य श्रेणी (General Category) में परिवर्तित करने से पहले पर्याप्त कारण और उचित प्रक्रिया का पालन करना आवश्यक है।

It is necessary to follow due process and show sufficient reason before converting SC/ST vacancies to the General Category.

Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) Guidelines / Circulars on De-reservation

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Dereservation_0.pdf

[ "Accountability", "Fairness", "Inclusion" ]

CIV_IN_0030

Caste-Based Reservations/Affirmative Action

Reservation in Private Sector

खाजगी क्षेत्रातील नोकऱ्यांमध्ये आरक्षण लागू करण्यासाठी कायदेशीर चौकटीवर (legal framework) राष्ट्रीय स्तरावर चर्चा आवश्यक आहे।

A national-level discussion on the legal framework for implementing reservation in private sector jobs is necessary.

Policy Debate / State Private Sector Quota Laws (e.g., Haryana)

Think Tanks / State Legislatures

Political/Policy

Marathi

National / Haryana

https://prsindia.org/billtrack/haryana-state-employment-of-local-candidates-bill-2020

[ "Corporate Social Responsibility", "Social Equity", "Market Efficiency" ]

CIV_IN_0031

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Governor's Role (Article 200)

राज्यात मंजूर झालेले विधेयक राज्यपालांनी (Governor) राष्ट्रपतींच्या विचारार्थ राखून ठेवणे (reserving for President's consideration) हे केंद्राच्या हस्तक्षेपाचे साधन आहे।

The Governor reserving a State-passed Bill for the President's consideration is a tool for Central intervention.

Constitutional Provision (Article 200) / Sarkaria Commission Report

Constituent Assembly / Inter-State Council Secretariat

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/sarkaria_commission_report_recommendations.pdf

[ "Constitutional Propriety", "Executive Power", "State Autonomy" ]

CIV_IN_0032

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Imposition of President's Rule (Article 356)

రాష్ట్రంలో రాజ్యాంగ యంత్రాంగం విఫలమైతే (failure of constitutional machinery) మాత్రమే ఆర్టికల్ 356 ఉపయోగించాలి, రాజకీయ ప్రయోజనాల కోసం కాదు।

Article 356 should only be used in case of a failure of constitutional machinery in the State, and not for political purposes.

Supreme Court Judgement (S.R. Bommai v. Union of India)

Supreme Court of India

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709404/

[ "Constitutional Safeguard", "Political Neutrality", "Democratic Integrity" ]

CIV_IN_0033

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Inter-State Water Disputes

अंतर-राज्यीय नदी जल विवादों (Inter-State river water disputes) को हल करने में केंद्र सरकार की भूमिका मध्यस्थ की होनी चाहिए, न कि पक्षपातपूर्ण की।

The Central government's role in resolving Inter-State river water disputes must be that of an arbitrator, not a partisan one.

Constitutional Provision (Article 262) / Inter-State Water Disputes Act

Ministry of Jal Shakti / Law Commission

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/inter-state-water-disputes-act-1956-as-amended-2002/

[ "Resource Sharing", "Equity", "Dispute Resolution" ]

CIV_IN_0034

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Financial Devolution (Finance Commission)

वित्त आयोग (Finance Commission) द्वारा राज्यों को दिए जाने वाले करों के हस्तांतरण का हिस्सा बढ़ाने से राजकोषीय संघवाद (fiscal federalism) मजबूत होता है।

Increasing the share of tax devolution to states by the Finance Commission strengthens fiscal federalism.

Finance Commission Reports (e.g., 15th FC Report)

Finance Commission of India

Government/Advisory

Hindi

National

https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/fincom15/Reports/XVFC%20Report%20English.pdf

[ "Fiscal Autonomy", "Equity", "Decentralization" ]

CIV_IN_0035

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Centre's Power on State Subjects (Article 254)

समवर्ती सूचीवरील (Concurrent List) केंद्रीय कायद्यांशी विसंगत असलेले राज्याचे कायदे केंद्राने रद्द केले (overruled) जाऊ शकतात।

State laws that are repugnant to Central laws on the Concurrent List can be overruled by the Centre.

Constitutional Provision (Article 254)

Constituent Assembly of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

*(Search for 'Constitution of India Article 254')*

[ "Legal Uniformity", "Central Supremacy", "Rule of Law" ]

CIV_IN_0036

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Role of Inter-State Council (Article 263)

आंतर-राज्यीय परिषद (Inter-State Council) हे केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये समन्वय (coordination) साधण्याचे एक प्रमुख व्यासपीठ आहे।

The Inter-State Council is a key platform for achieving coordination between the Centre and the States.

Constitutional Provision (Article 263) / Inter-State Council Secretariat

Ministry of Home Affairs

Government/Advisory

Marathi

National

https://mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/inter-state-council-secretariat

[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Policy Harmonization", "Conflict Management" ]

CIV_IN_0037

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Use of Central Investigation Agencies

राजकीय प्रतिस्पर्धकांना लक्ष्य करण्यासाठी केंद्रीय तपास यंत्रणांचा (Central investigation agencies) वापर संघराज्याच्या (federal) आत्म्याला बाधा पोहोचवतो।

The use of Central investigation agencies to target political rivals harms the spirit of federalism.

News Report / Opposition Statement / High Court Orders

Opposition Political Parties / Media

Political/Media

Marathi

Various States

*(Search for 'Central Agencies Misuse Federalism Debate')*

[ "Political Fairness", "Checks and Balances", "Democratic Norms" ]

CIV_IN_0038

Federalism & Center-State Relations

State Borrowing Power

రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వాలు తమ ఆర్థిక అవసరాల కోసం కేంద్రం అనుమతి లేకుండా పరిమితులకు లోబడి అప్పు తీసుకోవడానికి (borrowing) అధికారం కలిగి ఉంటాయి।

State governments have the power to borrow, within limits, without Central permission for their financial needs.

Constitutional Provision (Article 293)

Constituent Assembly of India

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National

*(Search for 'Constitution of India Article 293 State Borrowing')*

[ "Fiscal Responsibility", "State Sovereignty", "Financial Stability" ]

CIV_IN_0039

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Disaster Management Funding

आपदा प्रबंधन (Disaster Management) के लिए फंड के आवंटन में राज्यों की आवश्यकताओं को पर्याप्त रूप से संबोधित किया जाना चाहिए।

The needs of the States must be adequately addressed in the allocation of funds for disaster management.

Disaster Management Act, 2005 / National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) Guidelines

Ministry of Home Affairs / NDMA

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://ndma.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/DM_act2005.pdf

[ "Public Safety", "Humanitarian Concern", "Collaborative Governance" ]

CIV_IN_0040

Federalism & Center-State Relations

All India Services

अखिल भारतीय सेवाओं (All India Services) को बनाए रखने से केंद्र और राज्यों दोनों में प्रशासन में एकरूपता (uniformity) सुनिश्चित होती है।

Maintaining the All India Services ensures uniformity in administration in both the Centre and the States.

Constitutional Provision (Article 312) / UPSC Documents

UPSC / DoPT

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

*(Search for 'Constitution of India Article 312 All India Services')*

[ "Administrative Integration", "Service Efficiency", "National Cohesion" ]

CIV_IN_0041

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council

जीएसटी कौन्सिल (GST Council) ही राज्यांच्या वित्तीय सार्वभौमत्वावर (fiscal sovereignty) परिणाम करणारी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण सहकारी संघराज्यात्मक (cooperative federal) संस्था आहे।

The GST Council is a significant cooperative federal institution affecting the fiscal sovereignty of the States.

Constitutional Amendment (101st) / GST Council Proceedings

GST Council Secretariat

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://gstcouncil.gov.in/

[ "Fiscal Federalism", "Policy Consensus", "Tax Harmonization" ]

CIV_IN_0042

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Planning vs. Finance Commission

नीती आयोग (Planning) के आगमन के साथ केंद्र द्वारा राज्यों को धन के हस्तांतरण में वित्त आयोग (Finance Commission) की भूमिका अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हो गई है।

With the arrival of NITI Aayog, the role of the Finance Commission in the transfer of funds from the Centre to the States has become more critical.

Finance Commission Reports / NITI Aayog Formation Documents

NITI Aayog / Finance Commission of India

Government/Advisory

Hindi

National

https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/RoleofFCvisavisPlanningCommission_1.pdf

[ "Fiscal Policy", "Separation of Functions", "Financial Autonomy" ]

CIV_IN_0043

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Rajya Sabha's Role (Article 249)

రాజ్యసభ (Rajya Sabha) తీర్మానం ద్వారా, జాతీయ ప్రయోజనాల దృష్ట్యా రాష్ట్ర జాబితాలోని అంశాలపై చట్టాలను రూపొందించడానికి పార్లమెంటుకు అధికారం లభిస్తుంది।

A resolution by the Rajya Sabha empowers the Parliament to legislate on subjects in the State List in the national interest.

Constitutional Provision (Article 249)

Parliament of India

Government/Regulatory

Telugu

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1714030/

[ "Legislative Power", "Bicameralism", "Central Override" ]

CIV_IN_0044

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Cooperative Federalism vs. Competitive Federalism

केंद्र-राज्य संबंधात 'सहकारी संघराज्य' (Cooperative Federalism) तत्त्वाची अंमलबजावणी 'स्पर्धात्मक संघराज्या'पेक्षा (Competitive Federalism) अधिक स्थिर आहे।

The implementation of the principle of 'Cooperative Federalism' is more stable than 'Competitive Federalism' in Centre-State relations.

Academic Research / Policy Documents (NITI Aayog)

Policy Think Tanks / Academia

Academic/Policy

Marathi

National

https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-12/Concept_Note_Coop_Fed_1.pdf

[ "Stability", "National Development", "Policy Coordination" ]

CIV_IN_0045

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Allocation of Union Taxes to States

केंद्रीय करांमध्ये (Union Taxes) राज्यांचा हिस्सा घटनेच्या (Constitution) आणि वित्त आयोगाच्या शिफारशीनुसार निश्चित केला जातो।

The share of States in Union taxes is determined by the Constitution and the recommendations of the Finance Commission.

Constitutional Provision (Article 270) / Finance Commission Reports

Finance Commission of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/fincom15/Reports/XVFC%20Report%20English.pdf

[ "Tax Devolution", "Resource Allocation", "Fiscal Equity" ]

CIV_IN_0046

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Central Grants-in-Aid (Article 275)

केंद्र सरकार राज्यों को विशेष जरूरतों (special needs) के लिए सहायता अनुदान (Grants-in-Aid) प्रदान कर सकती है, जो संवैधानिक रूप से अनिवार्य है।

The Central government can provide Grants-in-Aid to the States for special needs, which is constitutionally mandated.

Constitutional Provision (Article 275)

Ministry of Finance

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1359781/

[ "Welfare State", "Developmental Support", "Regional Balance" ]

CIV_IN_0047

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Creation of New States

नए राज्यों के निर्माण (creation of new States) और मौजूदा राज्यों की सीमाओं में बदलाव की शक्ति पूरी तरह से संसद (Parliament) के पास है।

The power to create new States and alter the boundaries of existing States rests solely with the Parliament.

Constitutional Provision (Article 3)

Parliament of India

Government/Regulatory

Hindi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1458882/

[ "Territorial Integrity", "National Unity", "Legislative Authority" ]

CIV_IN_0048

Federalism & Center-State Relations

National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC)

राष्ट्रीय आतंकवाद निरोधी केंद्र (NCTC) की स्थापना पर राज्यों की आपत्ति है, क्योंकि यह उनके पुलिस (कानून व्यवस्था) क्षेत्राधिकार (jurisdiction) का उल्लंघन करता है।

States object to the establishment of the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC) as it infringes upon their police (law and order) jurisdiction.

MHA Documents / State Chief Minister's Conferences

State Governments / Ministry of Home Affairs

Political/Administrative

Hindi

National

*(Search for 'NCTC State Opposition Federalism')*

[ "Law and Order", "State Sovereignty", "National Security" ]

CIV_IN_0049

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)

కేంద్ర ప్రాయోజిత పథకాలు (Centrally Sponsored Schemes) రాష్ట్రాల ఖర్చు ప్రాధాన్యతలను నిర్ణయించడంలో కేంద్రం యొక్క అధిక ప్రభావాన్ని (overreach) సూచిస్తాయి।

Centrally Sponsored Schemes represent the Centre's overreach in determining the expenditure priorities of the States.

Punchhi Commission Report / State Policy Papers

M.M. Punchhi Commission (2010)

Government/Advisory

Telugu

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1841369/

[ "Policy Autonomy", "Financial Flexibility", "Developmental Planning" ]

CIV_IN_0050

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Residency/Domicile in Public Employment

सार्वजनिक रोजगारात (public employment) अधिवासावर आधारित (domicile-based) आरक्षण (Article 16(3)) संसदेने कायद्याद्वारे केले तरच ते घटनात्मकदृष्ट्या वैध (constitutionally valid) आहे।

Reservation based on domicile in public employment is constitutionally valid only if made by Parliament through law.

Constitutional Provision (Article 16(3)) / Supreme Court Interpretation

Supreme Court of India / Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/737409/

[ "Equal Opportunity", "National Integration", "Legislative Restriction" ]

CIV_IN_0051

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Disputes over Concurrent List Legislation

समवर्ती सूचीतील (Concurrent List) विषयावर केंद्र आणि राज्यांनी केलेल्या कायद्यांमध्ये संघर्ष (conflict) निर्माण झाल्यास, संसदेने केलेला कायदाच प्रभावी ठरतो (prevails) (Article 254).

In case of a conflict between a Central law and a State law on a subject in the Concurrent List, the law made by Parliament shall prevail (Article 254).

Constitutional Provision (Article 254)

Supreme Court of India / Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1715011/

[ "Union Supremacy", "Cooperative Federalism", "Legislative Conflict Resolution" ]

CIV_IN_0052

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Inter-State Water Disputes Adjudication

आंतरराज्यीय नदी पाणी विवादांचे (inter-state river water disputes) निराकरण (adjudication) करण्यासाठी कायद्याद्वारे न्यायाधिकरणे (Tribunals) स्थापन करण्याचा अधिकार केवळ संसदेला आहे (Article 262).

Only Parliament has the power to establish tribunals by law for the adjudication of inter-state river water disputes (Article 262).

Constitutional Provision (Article 262)

Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1414442/

[ "Resource Sharing", "Judicial Exclusion", "Parliamentary Authority" ]

CIV_IN_0053

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Supreme Court Jurisdiction on Water Disputes

आंतरराज्यीय जल विवादांसंबंधी (inter-state water disputes) सर्वोच्च न्यायालय (Supreme Court) किंवा इतर कोणत्याही न्यायालयाचे कार्यक्षेत्र (jurisdiction) कायद्याद्वारे वगळण्याचा (exclude) अधिकार संसदेला आहे (Article 262(2)).

Parliament has the power to exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or any other court over inter-state water disputes by law (Article 262(2)).

Constitutional Provision (Article 262(2))

Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1414442/

[ "Parliamentary Override", "Specific Exemption", "Federal Dispute Mechanism" ]

CIV_IN_0054

Federalism & Center-State Relations

President's Rule and Judicial Review

S.R. बोम्मई प्रकरणातील (S.R. Bommai case) सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाच्या निर्णयानुसार, राज्यामध्ये 'राष्ट्रपती राजवट' (President's Rule - Article 356) लागू करण्याच्या घोषणेचे न्यायालयीन पुनरावलोकन (Judicial Review) केले जाऊ शकते।

According to the Supreme Court's decision in the S.R. Bommai case, the proclamation of 'President's Rule' (Article 356) in a state is subject to Judicial Review.

Landmark Supreme Court Judgment (S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, 1994)

Supreme Court of India

Judicial

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/125586/

[ "Judicial Activism", "Preventing Misuse", "Federal Balance" ]

CIV_IN_0055

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Governor's Role and Discretion

राज्याच्या विधेयकांवर (Bills) स्वाक्षरी (assent) देण्यास राज्यपालाने (Governor) विलंब करणे (delay) किंवा ते राष्ट्रपतींच्या विचारार्थ (for President's consideration) राखून ठेवणे (reserving), हे केंद्र-राज्य संबंधांमधील तणावाचे (tension) प्रमुख कारण आहे।

The delay by the Governor in giving assent to State Bills or reserving them for the President's consideration is a major source of tension in Centre-State relations.

Supreme Court Observations / Political Analysis

Law Commission / Sarkaria Commission

Policy/Advisory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/48147854/

[ "Governor's Misuse", "Federal Conflict", "Constitutional Propriety" ]

CIV_IN_0056

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Creation of New States

एखाद्या राज्याच्या क्षेत्रामध्ये (area), सीमांमध्ये (boundaries) किंवा नावामध्ये बदल (change in name) करण्यासाठी संसदेला राज्याच्या विधानमंडळाचे (State Legislature) मत विचारात घेणे बंधनकारक (obligatory) आहे, परंतु ते मत स्वीकारणे बंधनकारक नाही (Article 3)।

Parliament is obliged to ascertain the views of the State Legislature before altering the area, boundaries, or name of a State (Article 3), but it is not bound to accept those views.

Constitutional Provision (Article 3)

Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/699861/

[ "Flexible Federalism", "Union's Power", "Territorial Integrity" ]

CIV_IN_0057

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Inter-State Council

केंद्र-राज्यांमध्ये आणि राज्या-राज्यांमध्ये समन्वय (coordination) साधण्यासाठी 'आंतरराज्यीय परिषद' (Inter-State Council) स्थापन करण्याची तरतूद (provision) राज्यघटनेत आहे (Article 263)।

The Constitution provides for the establishment of an 'Inter-State Council' to promote coordination between the Centre and the States and among the States themselves (Article 263).

Constitutional Provision (Article 263)

Inter-State Council Secretariat

Government/Statutory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1707534/

[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Conflict Resolution", "Consultative Mechanism" ]

CIV_IN_0058

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Taxation and Financial Relations

विक्री करावर (sales tax) राज्यांचे अनियंत्रित नियंत्रण (unfettered control) असण्यामुळे केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये वित्तीय (fiscal) तणाव (tension) निर्माण होत होता, जो GST लागू झाल्यानंतर संपुष्टात आला।

The unfettered control of states over sales tax was a source of fiscal tension between the Centre and States, which ended after the implementation of GST.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation / Constitutional Amendment

GST Council / Finance Commission

Government/Fiscal

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/81617267/

[ "Fiscal Federalism", "Centralisation of Tax", "Shared Sovereignty" ]

CIV_IN_0059

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Finance Commission

केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये महसुलाचे वाटप (distribution of revenue) करण्यासाठी 'वित्त आयोगाची' (Finance Commission) स्थापना केली जाते, जेणेकरून वित्तीय संतुलन (fiscal balance) राखता येईल (Article 280)।

The 'Finance Commission' is established to recommend the distribution of revenues between the Centre and the States, in order to maintain fiscal balance (Article 280).

Constitutional Provision (Article 280)

Finance Commission

Government/Statutory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/801826/

[ "Fiscal Federalism", "Revenue Sharing", "Vertical Equity" ]

CIV_IN_0060

Federalism & Center-State Relations

All India Services

अखिल भारतीय सेवा (All India Services) (IAS, IPS, IFS) केंद्र आणि राज्यांमध्ये दुवा (link) म्हणून कार्य करतात, परंतु त्यांच्यावर केंद्र सरकारचे अंतिम नियंत्रण (ultimate control) असल्यामुळे राज्यांकडून त्यावर टीका केली जाते।

The All India Services (IAS, IPS, IFS) act as a link between the Centre and the States, but they are criticized by the States due to the ultimate control exercised by the Central Government.

Article 312 / Administrative Analysis

Administrative Reforms Commission / UPSC

Policy/Administrative

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1715011/

[ "Central Control", "Administrative Unity", "Federal Friction" ]

CIV_IN_0061

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Rajya Sabha and State List

राज्यसभेने (Rajya Sabha) दोन-तृतीयांश बहुमताने (two-thirds majority) ठराव (resolution) पास केल्यास, संसदेला तात्पुरत्या काळासाठी (temporarily) राज्यांसाठी कायदे (laws) करण्याचा अधिकार मिळतो (Article 249).

If the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with a two-thirds majority, Parliament acquires the power to make laws for the states temporarily (Article 249).

Constitutional Provision (Article 249)

Parliament of India

Government/Legislative

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1529176/

[ "Union Override", "National Interest", "Federalism in Emergencies" ]

CIV_IN_0062

Federalism & Center-State Relations

National Emergency and Federal Structure

राष्ट्रीय आणीबाणीच्या (National Emergency - Article 352) काळात, केंद्र सरकार संपूर्णपणे राज्यांच्या कार्यकारी (executive) आणि वैधानिक (legislative) अधिकारांवर नियंत्रण ठेवू शकते, ज्यामुळे संघराज्य रचना (federal structure) एकात्मक (unitary) बनते.

During a National Emergency (Article 352), the Central Government can assume complete control over the executive and legislative powers of the States, rendering the federal structure unitary.

Constitutional Provision (Article 352)

Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1359648/

[ "Unitary Tilt", "Crisis Management", "Union Supremacy" ]

CIV_IN_0063

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Planning Commission/NITI Aayog

नियोजनाच्या (planning) माध्यमातून केंद्र सरकार राज्यांवर प्रचंड वित्तीय नियंत्रण (immense financial control) ठेवते, ज्यामुळे राज्यांचे स्वातंत्र्य (autonomy) मर्यादित होते; NITI आयोगाने ते अंशतः कमी केले आहे.

The Central Government exerts immense financial control over the States through planning, limiting State autonomy; NITI Aayog has partially reduced this.

Administrative and Financial Analysis

NITI Aayog

Policy/Advisory

Marathi

National

https://niti.gov.in/

[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Asymmetric Power", "Centralised Planning" ]

CIV_IN_0064

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Financial Emergency

वित्तीय आणीबाणीच्या (Financial Emergency - Article 360) घोषणेदरम्यान, केंद्र सरकार राज्यांच्या आर्थिक धोरणांवर (financial policies) आणि खर्चावर (expenditure) थेट नियंत्रण ठेवू शकते.

During the proclamation of a Financial Emergency (Article 360), the Central Government can assume direct control over the financial policies and expenditure of the States.

Constitutional Provision (Article 360)

Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Unitary Response", "Fiscal Stability", "Central Control" ]

CIV_IN_0065

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Borrowing Powers

केंद्र सरकारची हमी (guarantee) असल्याशिवाय राज्यांना देशाबाहेरून (outside India) कर्ज (borrow) घेण्याचा अधिकार नाही, ज्यामुळे राज्यांची वित्तीय स्वायत्तता (fiscal autonomy) मर्यादित होते (Article 293).

States do not have the power to borrow from outside India without the guarantee of the Central Government, which limits the fiscal autonomy of the states (Article 293).

Constitutional Provision (Article 293)

Finance Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1512809/

[ "Central Veto", "Financial Discipline", "Federal Restriction" ]

CIV_IN_0066

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Delegation of Functions

राष्ट्रपतींच्या संमतीने (consent) केंद्र सरकार राज्याच्या कार्यकारी कार्यांचे (executive functions) राज्याला सोपवणूकीची (delegation) व्यवस्था करू शकते, जे सहकारी संघराज्याचे (cooperative federalism) प्रतीक आहे (Article 258).

The Central Government can, with the consent of the Governor, arrange for the delegation of its executive functions to the State, which is a symbol of cooperative federalism (Article 258).

Constitutional Provision (Article 258)

Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/765089/

[ "Cooperative Federalism", "Mutual Delegation", "Executive Harmony" ]

CIV_IN_0067

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Zonal Councils

आंतरराज्यीय सहकार्य (inter-state cooperation) वाढवण्यासाठी आणि प्रादेशिक (regional) समस्यांचे निराकरण करण्यासाठी 'प्रादेशिक परिषदांची' (Zonal Councils) स्थापना वैधानिक कायद्याद्वारे (statutory law) करण्यात आली आहे.

'Zonal Councils' were established by a statutory law to foster inter-state cooperation and resolve regional problems (States Reorganisation Act, 1956).

States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Ministry of Home Affairs

Government/Statutory

Marathi

National

https://www.mha.gov.in/en/division_of_mha/inter-state-council-secretariat

[ "Regional Coordination", "Cooperative Federalism", "Non-Constitutional Body" ]

CIV_IN_0068

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Grants-in-Aid

केंद्र सरकार राज्यांना त्यांच्या महसुली गरजा (revenue needs) पूर्ण करण्यासाठी 'सहाय्यक अनुदाने' (Grants-in-Aid) देऊ शकते, ज्यामुळे वित्तीय संबंधात केंद्र सरकारचे वर्चस्व (dominance) वाढते (Article 275).

The Central Government can provide 'Grants-in-Aid' to States to meet their revenue needs, which increases the Centre's dominance in fiscal relations (Article 275).

Constitutional Provision (Article 275)

Finance Commission

Government/Fiscal

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1063673/

[ "Central Influence", "Fiscal Federalism", "Conditional Assistance" ]

CIV_IN_0069

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Immunity from Taxation

केंद्र सरकार राज्याच्या मालमत्तेवर (property) किंवा उत्पन्नावर (income) कोणताही कर (tax) लादू शकत नाही, तसेच राज्य सरकार केंद्राच्या मालमत्तेवर कर लादू शकत नाही, ज्यामुळे वित्तीय स्वायत्तता (fiscal autonomy) सुनिश्चित होते (Article 285 & 289).

The Central Government cannot impose any tax on the property or income of a State, nor can a State Government tax the Centre's property, ensuring fiscal immunity (Article 285 & 289).

Constitutional Provision (Article 285 & 289)

Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Fiscal Immunity", "Federal Separation", "Financial Autonomy" ]

CIV_IN_0070

Federalism & Center-State Relations

Resolution by States (Article 252)

दोन किंवा अधिक राज्यांनी ठराव (resolution) पास केल्यास, संसदेला राज्यांसाठी (State List) असलेल्या विषयांवर कायदे (laws) करण्याचा अधिकार मिळतो, परंतु तो कायदा फक्त त्या ठराव करणाऱ्या राज्यांसाठीच लागू होतो (Article 252).

If two or more States pass a resolution, Parliament gets the power to make laws on State List subjects for those States, but the law only applies to the resolving States (Article 252).

Constitutional Provision (Article 252)

Law Ministry / Parliament of India

Government/Legislative

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1529176/

[ "Voluntary Centralisation", "State Consent", "Legislative Cooperation" ]

CIV_IN_0071

Digital Governance & Privacy

Right to Privacy as a Fundamental Right

के.एस. पुट्टस्वामी प्रकरणात (K.S. Puttaswamy case), सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाने 'खाजगीपणाचा अधिकार' (Right to Privacy) हा घटनेच्या अनुच्छेद 21 अंतर्गत मूलभूत अधिकार (Fundamental Right) म्हणून घोषित केला.

In the K.S. Puttaswamy case, the Supreme Court declared the 'Right to Privacy' as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the Constitution.

Landmark Supreme Court Judgment (K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017)

Supreme Court of India

Judicial

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/12691523/

[ "Fundamental Right", "Judicial Activism", "Constitutional Morality" ]

CIV_IN_0072

Digital Governance & Privacy

Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023

डिजिटल वैयक्तिक डेटा संरक्षण कायदा, 2023 (DPDP Act) हा 'डेटा विश्वस्त' (Data Fiduciary) आणि 'डेटा प्रधान' (Data Principal) यांच्या भूमिका आणि जबाबदाऱ्या निश्चित करून डेटा संरक्षणासाठी एक कायदेशीर चौकट प्रदान करतो.

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 provides a legal framework for data protection by defining the roles and responsibilities of 'Data Fiduciary' and 'Data Principal'.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023)

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Data Sovereignty", "Accountability", "Consent-based Processing" ]

CIV_IN_0073

Digital Governance & Privacy

Data Fiduciary Obligation (DPDP Act)

DPDP कायद्यानुसार, 'डेटा विश्वस्ताने' (Data Fiduciary) डेटा प्रक्रियेपूर्वी 'डेटा प्रधाना'ची (Data Principal) मुक्त, विशिष्ट, माहितीपूर्ण आणि बिनशर्त संमती (free, specific, informed, and unconditional consent) घेणे बंधनकारक आहे.

Under the DPDP Act, a 'Data Fiduciary' is obligated to obtain free, specific, informed, and unconditional consent from the 'Data Principal' before processing data.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Informed Consent", "Data Minimization", "Transparency" ]

CIV_IN_0074

Digital Governance & Privacy

Aadhaar and Privacy

आधार (Aadhaar) कायद्यानुसार, नागरिकांची बायोमेट्रिक माहिती (biometric information) सामायिक करण्यास किंवा सार्वजनिक करण्यास (sharing or publicizing) सक्त मनाई आहे, ज्यामुळे तिचे संरक्षण सुनिश्चित होते.

Under the Aadhaar Act, the sharing or publicizing of a citizen's biometric information is strictly prohibited, ensuring its protection.

Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016

UIDAI

Government/Statutory

Marathi

National

https://uidai.gov.in/en/my-aadhaar/about-your-aadhaar/features-of-aadhaar.html

[ "Identity Security", "Biometric Protection", "Targeted Delivery" ]

CIV_IN_0075

Digital Governance & Privacy

IT Act, 2000 and Cybercrime

माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायदा, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) च्या कलम 43A अंतर्गत, डेटा सुरक्षित करण्यात अयशस्वी झाल्यास (failure to secure data) नुकसानभरपाई (compensation) देण्याची तरतूद आहे, ज्यामुळे कंपन्यांवर सायबर सुरक्षेची जबाबदारी निश्चित होते.

Section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides for compensation for failure to secure data, establishing accountability for companies regarding cybersecurity.

Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Corporate Accountability", "Data Breach Penalty", "Cyber Law Enforcement" ]

CIV_IN_0076

Digital Governance & Privacy

Intermediary Liability and Due Diligence

माहिती तंत्रज्ञान (इंटरमीडियरी मार्गदर्शक तत्त्वे आणि डिजिटल मीडिया आचारसंहिता) नियम, 2021 (IT Rules, 2021) सोशल मीडिया मध्यस्थांवर (intermediaries) वापरकर्त्याच्या तक्रारींचे निवारण (grievance redressal) आणि 'योग्य परिश्रम' (due diligence) करण्याची जबाबदारी टाकतात.

The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 impose obligations on social media intermediaries for user grievance redressal and 'due diligence'.

Statutory Rules (IT Rules, 2021)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/content/it-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021

[ "Intermediary Accountability", "Content Moderation", "Grievance Redressal" ]

CIV_IN_0077

Digital Governance & Privacy

Sovereign Function and Data Access

राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा (national security), कायदा व सुव्यवस्था (law and order) किंवा सार्वजनिक आरोग्याच्या (public health) कारणास्तव केंद्र सरकारला डेटा (Data) प्रतिबंधित (restricted) परिस्थितीत प्रक्रिया करण्याचा अधिकार आहे (DPDP Act Exception).

The Central Government has the right to process Data in restricted circumstances for reasons of national security, law and order, or public health (DPDP Act Exception).

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Exceptions)

Ministry of Home Affairs / Law Ministry

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "State Prerogative", "Public Interest", "Consent Exemption" ]

CIV_IN_0078

Digital Governance & Privacy

Data Localization Debate

भारत सरकारने संवेदनशील (sensitive) ग्राहक डेटा देशातच साठवण्यासाठी (data localization) केलेल्या आग्रहामुळे बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपन्या (MNCs) आणि जागतिक व्यापार संस्थांशी (WTO) संघर्ष निर्माण झाला आहे.

The Government of India's insistence on storing sensitive consumer data locally (data localization) has created conflicts with multinational companies (MNCs) and global trade bodies (WTO).

Policy Directives (RBI, MeitY) / Trade Disputes

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) / MeitY

Government/Policy

Marathi

National

https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=11244&Mode=0

[ "Digital Sovereignty", "Trade Barrier", "Cross-Border Data Flow" ]

CIV_IN_0079

Digital Governance & Privacy

Cyber Security Response

'इंडियन कॉम्प्युटर इमर्जन्सी रिस्पॉन्स टीम' (CERT-In) ही सायबर सुरक्षेच्या घटना (incidents) हाताळण्यासाठी आणि राष्ट्रीय सायबर सुरक्षेची धोक्यांची (threats) माहिती देण्यासाठी असलेली राष्ट्रीय नोडल एजन्सी (nodal agency) आहे.

The 'Indian Computer Emergency Response Team' (CERT-In) is the national nodal agency for handling cybersecurity incidents and providing information on national cyber threats.

IT Act, 2000 (Section 70B)

CERT-In, MeitY

Government/Statutory

Marathi

National

https://www.cert-in.org.in/

[ "Cyber Security", "Incident Response", "National Defense" ]

CIV_IN_0080

Digital Governance & Privacy

Blocking of Information (IT Act)

माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायदा, 2000 च्या कलम 69A नुसार, सार्वजनिक ऑर्डर (public order), भारताचे सार्वभौमत्व (sovereignty) किंवा राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षेच्या (national security) हितासाठी सरकारला ऑनलाइन माहिती ब्लॉक (blocking) करण्याचा अधिकार आहे.

Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000 grants the Government the power to block online information in the interest of public order, India's sovereignty, or national security.

Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Section 69A)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Censorship", "State Control", "Public Safety" ]

CIV_IN_0081

Digital Governance & Privacy

Data Protection Board

डिजिटल वैयक्तिक डेटा संरक्षण कायद्याच्या (DPDP Act) अंमलबजावणीसाठी (enforcement) आणि कायद्याचे उल्लंघन झाल्यास दंड (penalties) लावण्यासाठी 'डेटा संरक्षण मंडळाची' (Data Protection Board) स्थापना केली जाईल.

The 'Data Protection Board' will be established for the enforcement of the DPDP Act and to impose penalties for violations of the law.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Regulatory Body", "Enforcement Mechanism", "Grievance Resolution" ]

CIV_IN_0082

Digital Governance & Privacy

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

आधार (Aadhaar), यूपीआय (UPI) आणि डिजी लॉकर (DigiLocker) हे भारतातील 'डिजिटल सार्वजनिक पायाभूत सुविधां'चे (DPI) प्रमुख घटक आहेत, जे नागरिक-केंद्रित सेवांचा आधार आहेत.

Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker are key components of 'Digital Public Infrastructure' (DPI) in India, which serve as the foundation for citizen-centric services.

Government Policy/NITI Aayog

NITI Aayog / MeitY

Government/Policy

Marathi

National

https://niti.gov.in/

[ "Financial Inclusion", "Digital Identity", "E-Governance" ]

CIV_IN_0083

Digital Governance & Privacy

Withdrawal of Consent (DPDP Act)

डेटा प्रधानाला (Data Principal) कोणत्याही क्षणी, त्याच्या वैयक्तिक डेटावर प्रक्रिया करण्याची संमती (consent) मागे घेण्याचा (withdraw) अधिकार आहे, ज्यामुळे त्याचे डेटावरील नियंत्रण कायम राहते.

The Data Principal has the right to withdraw consent to the processing of their personal data at any time, maintaining their control over the data.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Right of Data Principal)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Data Autonomy", "Data Principal Rights", "Revocability" ]

CIV_IN_0084

Digital Governance & Privacy

Cyber Terrorism

आयटी कायदा, 2000 चे कलम 66F सायबर दहशतवादाशी (Cyber Terrorism) संबंधित गुन्ह्यांसाठी (offences) कठोर शिक्षेची (punishment) तरतूद करते, ज्यामुळे महत्त्वपूर्ण पायाभूत सुविधांचे (critical infrastructure) संरक्षण होते.

Section 66F of the IT Act, 2000 provides for severe punishment for offenses related to Cyber Terrorism, protecting critical infrastructure.

Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Section 66F)

Ministry of Home Affairs

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "National Security", "Cyber Crime", "Deterrence" ]

CIV_IN_0085

Digital Governance & Privacy

Right to Correction and Erasure

DPDP कायद्यांतर्गत डेटा प्रधानाला (Data Principal) त्याच्या वैयक्तिक डेटाची दुरुस्ती (correction), पूर्तता (completion), अद्ययावतीकरण (updation) किंवा पुसून टाकण्याची (erasure) मागणी करण्याचा अधिकार आहे.

Under the DPDP Act, the Data Principal has the right to demand the correction, completion, updation, or erasure of their personal data.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Right of Data Principal)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Data Accuracy", "Right to Forget (Partial)", "Data Control" ]

CIV_IN_0086

Digital Governance & Privacy

Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CAT)

माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायद्यातील (IT Act) तरतुदींचे उल्लंघन (contravention) झाल्यास 'सायबर अपील न्यायाधिकरणा'कडे (Cyber Appellate Tribunal) अपील (appeal) करण्याची तरतूद आहे, जे सायबर विवादांचे न्यायिक निराकरण करते.

The IT Act provides for an appeal to the 'Cyber Appellate Tribunal' (CAT) against contraventions of its provisions, ensuring judicial resolution of cyber disputes.

Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Chapter X)

Law Ministry

Judicial/Statutory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Specialized Judiciary", "Legal Recourse", "Cyber Law Enforcement" ]

CIV_IN_0087

Digital Governance & Privacy

Digital Signatures/Electronic Records

आयटी कायदा, 2000 (IT Act) नुसार इलेक्ट्रॉनिक नोंदी (electronic records) आणि डिजिटल स्वाक्षऱ्या (digital signatures) यांना कागदी दस्तऐवजांइतकीच (paper documents) कायदेशीर मान्यता (legal recognition) प्राप्त आहे.

According to the IT Act, 2000, electronic records and digital signatures have the same legal recognition as paper documents.

Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000 - Section 4 & 5)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Legal Validity", "E-Governance", "Digital Inclusion" ]

CIV_IN_0088

Digital Governance & Privacy

Data Breach Notification

DPDP कायद्यानुसार, 'डेटा विश्वस्ताने' (Data Fiduciary) डेटा उल्लंघनाची (data breach) माहिती तातडीने (without delay) 'डेटा संरक्षण मंडळाला' (Data Protection Board) देणे बंधनकारक आहे.

Under the DPDP Act, a 'Data Fiduciary' is obligated to notify the 'Data Protection Board' of a data breach without undue delay.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Breach Notification)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Transparency", "Risk Mitigation", "Regulatory Reporting" ]

CIV_IN_0089

Digital Governance & Privacy

Protection of Children's Data

DPDP कायद्यात मुलांच्या वैयक्तिक डेटावर (personal data of children) प्रक्रिया करण्यासाठी 'सत्यापित पालकांची संमती' (verifiable parental consent) आणि त्यांच्या सर्वोत्तम हितासाठी (best interest) विशेष संरक्षण (special protection) देण्याची तरतूद आहे.

The DPDP Act provides special protection for children's personal data, mandating 'verifiable parental consent' and processing only in their best interest.

Central Legislation (DPDP Act, 2023 - Children's Data)

MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

[ "Child Safety", "Data Governance", "Parental Consent" ]

CIV_IN_0090

Digital Governance & Privacy

Information Technology Act, 2000 (General)

माहिती तंत्रज्ञान कायदा, 2000 (IT Act, 2000) हा भारतात इलेक्ट्रॉनिक व्यवहारांना (electronic transactions) कायदेशीर चौकट (legal framework) प्रदान करणारा आणि सायबर गुन्हेगारीला (cyber criminality) प्रतिबंध करणारा प्राथमिक कायदा आहे.

The Information Technology Act, 2000 is the primary law in India that provides a legal framework for electronic transactions and penalizes cyber criminality.

Central Legislation (IT Act, 2000)

Law Ministry / MeitY

Government/Regulatory

Marathi

National

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1709407/

[ "Enabling Law", "Digital Commerce", "Cyber Security" ]

CIV_IN_0091

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Financial Inclusion

प्रधानमंत्री जन धन योजना (PMJDY) के तहत, देश के प्रत्येक परिवार को कम से कम एक बुनियादी बैंक खाता प्रदान करके वित्तीय समावेशन का लक्ष्य रखा गया है।

Under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the aim is to achieve financial inclusion by providing at least one basic bank account to every household in the country.

Ministry of Finance - Department of Financial Services

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://pmjdy.gov.in/

[ "Financial Inclusion", "Banking Services", "Direct Benefit Transfer" ]

CIV_IN_0092

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Food Security

राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा अधिनियम (NFSA), 2013 पात्र परिवारों को अत्यधिक रियायती दरों पर खाद्यान्न प्राप्त करने का कानूनी अधिकार प्रदान करता है।

The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 grants a legal right to eligible families to receive food grains at highly subsidized rates.

Department of Food and Public Distribution

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://dfpd.gov.in/

[ "Food Grains", "Subsidy", "Public Distribution System" ]

CIV_IN_0093

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Health Assurance

आयुष्मान भारत - प्रधानमंत्री जन आरोग्य योजना (AB-PMJAY) प्रति परिवार, प्रति वर्ष ₹5 लाख का स्वास्थ्य कवर प्रदान करती है।

Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) provides a health cover of ₹5 lakh per family per year.

National Health Authority (NHA)

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://pmjay.gov.in/

[ "Health Insurance", "Tertiary Care", "Vulnerable Families" ]

CIV_IN_0094

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Housing

प्रधानमंत्री आवास योजना (PMAY) का उद्देश्य 2024 तक ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों में पात्र परिवारों को पक्के घर उपलब्ध कराना है।

The objective of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is to provide 'Pucca' houses to eligible families in rural and urban areas by 2024.

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs / Ministry of Rural Development

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://pmaymis.gov.in/

[ "Affordable Housing", "Rural Development", "Subsidy" ]

CIV_IN_0095

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Farmer Income Support

प्रधानमंत्री किसान सम्मान निधि (PM-KISAN) योजना में, सभी भूमिधारक किसान परिवारों को प्रति वर्ष ₹6,000/- की वित्तीय सहायता सीधे उनके बैंक खातों में दी जाती है।

Under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, all landholding farmer families receive an annual financial assistance of ₹6,000/- directly into their bank accounts.

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://pmkisan.gov.in/

[ "Income Support", "Farmers", "DBT" ]

CIV_IN_0096

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Employment Guarantee

महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम (MGNREGA) ग्रामीण परिवारों को कम से कम 100 दिनों के अकुशल शारीरिक श्रम रोजगार की कानूनी गारंटी देता है।

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) gives a legal guarantee of at least 100 days of unskilled manual work employment to rural households.

Ministry of Rural Development

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://nrega.nic.in/

[ "Rural Employment", "Livelihood Security", "Wage Employment" ]

CIV_IN_0097

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Clean Fuel/Subsidy

प्रधानमंत्री उज्ज्वला योजना (PMUY) के तहत, ग्रामीण और वंचित परिवारों की महिलाओं को मुफ्त एलपीजी (LPG) कनेक्शन दिया जाता है।

Under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), free LPG connections are provided to women from rural and deprived households.

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://www.pmuy.gov.in/

[ "LPG Subsidy", "Clean Energy", "Women Empowerment" ]

CIV_IN_0098

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Social Security

अटल पेंशन योजना (APY) असंगठित क्षेत्र के श्रमिकों को 60 वर्ष की आयु के बाद ₹1,000 से ₹5,000 तक की निश्चित मासिक पेंशन मिलने की गारंटी देती है।

Atal Pension Yojana (APY) guarantees a fixed monthly pension ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 after 60 years of age for workers in the unorganized sector.

Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)

Government/Regulatory

Government

Hindi

National

https://www.pfrda.org.in/index.php?section=subMenu&show=377

[ "Pension", "Social Security", "Unorganized Sector" ]

CIV_IN_0099

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Insurance

प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा बीमा योजना (PMSBY) के तहत, केवल ₹20/- वार्षिक प्रीमियम पर ₹2 लाख का आकस्मिक मृत्यु और विकलांगता बीमा कवर मिलता है।

Under Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), accidental death and disability insurance cover of ₹2 lakh is provided for an annual premium of only ₹20/-.

Ministry of Finance - Department of Financial Services

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://jansuraksha.gov.in/

[ "Accident Insurance", "Low-Cost Premium", "Risk Protection" ]

CIV_IN_0100

Social Welfare & Subsidies

Life Insurance

प्रधानमंत्री जीवन ज्योति बीमा योजना (PMJJBY) के तहत, ₹436/- वार्षिक प्रीमियम का भुगतान करने पर ₹2 लाख का जीवन बीमा कवर प्रदान किया जाता है।

Under Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), a life insurance cover of ₹2 lakh is provided upon payment of an annual premium of ₹436/-.

Ministry of Finance - Department of Financial Services

Government of India

Government

Hindi

National

https://jansuraksha.gov.in/

[ "Life Insurance", "Affordable", "Risk Protection" ]

Field Name	Data Type	Description	Example
ID	`string`	A unique identifier for the statement.	`IN_STMT_001`
Topic	`string`	The broad subject area of the statement.	`Social Welfare & Subsidies`
Sub-Topic	`string`	The specific area within the Topic.	`Tribal Welfare/Education`
Statement	`string`	The original policy statement or claim in an Indian language (e.g., Telugu, Hindi).	`ఏకలవ్య మోడల్ రెసిడెన్షియల్ స్కూల్స్ (EMRS)...`
Statement - Translation	`string`	The professional English translation of the statement.	`Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) ensure...`
Data Source	`string`	The official source document or website for the information.	`Ministry of Tribal Affairs`
Data Producer Organization	`string`	The organization that issued the statement or policy.	`Government of India`
Organization Type	`string`	The type of body that produced the data (e.g., Government, NGO, Research Institute).	`Government`
Language	`string`	The primary Indian language of the original statement.	`Telugu`
State/Region	`string`	The region the statement is relevant to (e.g., `National`, `Andhra Pradesh`).	`National`
Link	`string`	A relevant URL or reference link.	`https://tribal.nic.in/emrs`
Consensus Value Annotation	`Sequence[string]`	A list of human-assigned tags or keywords representing the underlying civic or social value (e.g., 'Gender Justice').	`['Tribal Education', 'Residential School']`

Datasets:

04-Akansha
/

Indian_Civics

🇮🇳 Indian Civics & Social Welfare Statements Dataset

Dataset Description

💾 Dataset Structure

Data Fields